A Brief History of the Life of Anne Boleyn, An Outline Essay

Anne Boleyn: A Brief History Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the life of Anne Boleyn and the impact she had on the English monarchy. Introduction I. Attention-Getter: I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. (Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) II. Credibility Statement: A growing interest in the development of the Tudor family led me to research some information on my own, and when I came across Anne Boleyn’s story I knew that I had to share what I had uncovered. III. Relating†¦show more content†¦(Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) a. Anne’s refusal confused and surprised Henry, who was not expecting rejection. (Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) b. In 1527 Henry sought out, and was eventually granted, an annulment from his wife Catherine; by 1528 Anne Boleyn had made her entrance in to English royal society. (Eakins, 1994) Transition: Anne’s joy in making progress towards the throne would be short-lived because death would be the outcome of her reign as Henry’s queen. Main Idea II: In 1532 Anne was officially made the queen when her belly swelled with the life of Henry’s child, but when Elizabeth was born it became Anne’s sole duty, and Henry’s obsession, for her to birth a male heir. (Eakins, 1994) A. It was Anne’s responsibility to have a son, and she took this job very seriously as there were grave consequences if she did not provide Henry with what he desired most. a. By January of 1534 Anne was pregnant again, but she miscarried or birthed a stillborn. (Eakins, 1994) b. In 1536 Anne became pregnant again, with a son, but by the end of January she had miscarried again. (Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) B. After birthing an unwanted daughter, and suffering through two miscarriages, Anne Boleyn’s life was now at risk because her husband was about to take care of his own legacy. (Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) a. Henry decided to take a new wife, Jane Seymour, and an annulment was filed against Anne Boleyn. (Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) b. Divorce was notShow MoreRelatedA World Lit Only by Fire Outline Essay8153 Words   |  33 PagesA World Lit Only by Fire by William Manchester Outline The Medieval Mind I. The Dark Ages A. The Years A.D. 400 to A.D. 1000 1. Referred to as the Dark Ages because knowledge and literacy vanished during this era. 2. Rulers during this age were illiterate and most found it trivial. a. Emperor Sigismund said, â€Å"Ego sum rex Romanus et super grammatica†Ã¢â‚¬â€as king of Rome, he was above grammar. B. Rome’s Fall in the Fifth Century 1. The Hsiung-nu (Huns) ravaged though Europe

Essay on The Problem of Lack of Exercise for Children

The Problem of Lack of Exercise for Children 10 years ago, many Parents didnt have to work at getting young children to be active. Most children were constantly in continual motion. But these days even young children are inactive and more dependent upon adults to provide them with different forms of exercise such as sport. Lack of exercise is a major reason for the growing rate of obesity among children. One cause of this is the new modern day technologies which have boomed in this generation and therefore have created ‘couch potato’ children. Examples of these ‘distractions’ are computer games and television. Watching TV for even as few as two to five hours per week is linked to†¦show more content†¦Building strong bones in childhood helps to sustain bone health in the future. Energetic children may increase their possibility of becoming healthy adults. Children who benefit from exercise may develop a lifelong, healthy habit of being physically active. Children will enjoy better health as adults. Physical activity can decrease the risk of obesity, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, and heart disease among adults. People who remain active on a regular basis tend to live longer than people who are not regularly active. The amount of exercise children need: Health promotion experts recommend that kids are active for an hour every day. Regular exercise will improve balance and muscular strength and help to make the heart and lungs more efficient, and can improve their physical and mental health too. Children go through several distinct developmental stages. For age specific activities, these are the levels of activity they should partake in: * First 2 Years: 1  ½ hours of daily exercise. the child should be allowed to be active and explore naturally. The adult should help them develop good eating habits. * 2 to 5 Years: 2 hours of daily exercise. The child should Practice basic skills, such as throwing, kicking, and jumping. 60 minutes of planned exercise and another 60 of freeShow MoreRelatedObesity : A Growing Global Health Problem1593 Words   |  7 Pagesoverweight that is a threat to their own health. Today obesity is a growing global health problem among children, teenagers and adults. This is due to over-eating especially when the person is over — eating unhealthy foods and a lack of enough exercise throughout the day. Obesity, is when someone is so overweight that is a threat to their own health. Today obesity is a growing global health problem among children, teenagers and adults. This is due to over-eating especially when the person is over-eatingRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is The Consumption Of Fast Food970 Words   |  4 Pagesexcessive junk food, lack of motivation to exercise and lack of knowledge about nutrition and fitness. Often times, children do not co nsider the nutritional value of the food they consume or how often to exercise, they are merely dependent on their parents to choose for them. Therefore, parents are at fault as well when their children gain excessive weight, after all they are the ones providing the specific foods. Moreover, childhood obesity has become an immense social problem in the US. One obviousRead MoreThe Problem Of Obesity And Obesity1505 Words   |  7 Pageshas an extended history of solving complex problems, but it seems like obesity has stuck with the American people. In the essay, called Politicians Want to tax us Thin, written by Kyle Smith, she states, â€Å"We know obesity is a problem, but just to be sure we need to spend more resources to study it† (501). Smith says that somehow we are unsuccessful to solve the problem of obesity, and it’s affecting many people all over the world. Many people’s problems are due to their bad habits: they do not careRead More Childhood Obesity Essay955 Words   |  4 Pagesyou get enough exercise? Are you sure about that? Or how about this, are you overweight, do you even know? Today’s adolescents don’t. In fact today’s adolescents face serious risk from their lack of activity. Today’s children are obese because they have developed some very bad habits related to heal thy living and as result can suffer serious physical and psychological damage. Perhaps the most damaging health habit kids today have is their complete and total lack of exercise. Children today are moreRead MoreThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1508 Words   |  7 Pageshas an extended history of solving complex problems, but it seems like obesity has stuck with the American people. In the essay, called Politicians Want to tax us Thin, written by Kyle Smith, she states, â€Å"We know obesity is a problem, but just to be sure we need to spend more resources to study it† (501). Smith says that somehow we are unsuccessful to solve the problem of obesity, and it’s affecting many people all over the world. Many people’s problems are due to their bad habits: they do not careRead MoreChildhood Obesity Research Paper1357 Words   |  6 Pageshas lasting psychological effects because of advertisement of fast food, lack of physical activities, and parental control has made food become a major health issue in many adolescents lives today. The number of overweight and obese children in America has increased at an alarming rate over the past years. In the past 30 years, the occurrence of obesity in children has tripled and it is now estimated that one in five children in the US is overweight (17%). There is no chance of it slowing down unlessRead MoreThe Childhood Obesity Epidemic Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesobesity it is a huge problem. Over the past years, the number of obesity in children has increased. The number of obese children in the U.S. has increased over the past years. The number has obviously also grown due to the video games, computers, and televisions, which are considered to be needed now-a-days, and have begun to take over the importance of exercising. The lack of exercise can lead to obesity, which approaches lots of negative effects. Obesity continuously puts these children at a very highRead MoreObesity : A Growing Problem918 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing problem in the United States, especially with chi ldren and adolescents. Since 1980 obesity rates have more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents. In 2012 more than one third of children in the United States were either overweight or obese. With obesity rates in children and adolescents continuing to grow, we need to educate ourselves to help lead a healthier lifestyle for our children. There are many things that can cause obesity from health problems to poor diet and lack of exerciseRead MoreWhy childhood Obesity is Becoming serious Problem?900 Words   |  4 Pages Why childhood Obesity is Becoming serious Problem? Obesity is a serious problem in the United States. Obesity may have serious effects on children, and childhood obesity affect them in their adulthood. Our family friend’s son is ten years old and at least twenty pounds overweight .When I saw him the first time, several questions arose in my mind about his overweight. Why does he become obese? What are the cause and effect of obesity? How does it show up at the symptom of obesity? They live closeRead MorePhysical Activity Is A Serious Problem1645 Words   |  7 PagesLack of physical activity is a serious problem that the United States is having to deal with daily in today’s society. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, physical activity is defined as â€Å"any body movement that works your muscles and requires more energy than resting† (2011). Physical activity is commonly associated with improving one’s health, especially the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. The benefits supp lementary to physical activity can apply to people of both genders

Demand And Supply Of Oil and Gas In Australia

Question: Discuss about the Demand and Supply of Oil and gas in Australia. Answer: Introduction: One of the most significant theory of the micro economic analysis is the demand and supply. Demand is defined as the willingness of the consumers to pay for the available goods and services at the specified price and supply on the other hand is the quantity of goods and services, which the producers are willing to supply in the market at the prevailing price. The market is attained to be ta equilibrium when the demand for the product and services are equal to the supply, which is the rare condition in the economy. The report is presented considering the oil and gas market as the product and the factors affecting the demand and supply of the gas and oil in Australia (Cashin et al. 2014). Australia is known for the production of resources such as oil and natural gas. The market of gas in Australia has irrevocable connection with the global gas market. There seems to be strong future growth of the oil and gas industry in Australia. There are several factors determining the domestic demand of oil and gas in Australia such as competition prevailing in the economy and short run netbacks and the cost incurred by the firms in increasing the supply (Varian 2014). In spite the rising price of crude oil, the demand of the crude oil in increasing and the oil and gas sector in Australia is among the six core sectors. Discussion: There are several factors influencing the demand and supply of gas and oil in Australia. The demand of oil and gas depends upon the several factors such as the prevailing price, price of related commodities, price of its substitutes, income of economy, population and the taste and preference pattern of the consumers. On the other hand, the supply of the product depend upon the cost of factors of production, cost of production, future anticipation about the prices and many more. The oil and gas industry in Australia is impacted by factors such as subsidies on oil and gas products, environmental issues, requirement of advanced technology for the upstream segment (Psacharopoulos 2014). The demand of the natural gas oil in Australia is mainly affected by the price affordability and the lower availability, limited gas import facilities and distribution infrastructure and inadequate transmission. The demand of oil and gas in India has been forecasted to rise because it is regarded as the most important source of energy to meet the growing demand (Gntner 2014). If we consider the law of demand, which states that the price and the quantity demanded of oil and gas varies inversely. The customer experience a fall in the quantity demanded due to higher price and vice versa. Figure 1: Market demand curve of oil and gas (Source: created by author) The supply of gas and oil varies directly that the price and demand flows in the same direction. If the price of oil and gas rises, the producers are willing to supply more at the prevailing prices and vice versa (Rios et al. 2013). If the supply changes due to factors other than price, then there will be shift in the supply curve. Figure 2: Supply curve representing the supply of oil and gas (Source: created by author) Figure 3: Long-term energy outlook of Australia (Source: industry.gov.au 2016) The graph indicate the possible future energy demand over the next twenty years. The consumption gas would continue to grow at the similar rates in the past. The domestic supply of gas in Australia is under enormous pressure and the country is facing huge demand both internationally and nationally. The country has suffered tyranny of distance from demand but there exist the substantial opportunity to supply the growing international demand of oil and gas. Figure 4: Investment made by Australia despite the fall in demand of oil(Source: industry.gov.au 2016) Australia has the largest capacity of oil and gas supply and despite of this fact, the exports would be lower than anticipated. The macro economic factors affecting the supply of the gas and oil industry in Australia would create an impact on the quantity demanded which will cause the shift in the curve towards the right. Australia is adding 60 million tons of LNG exports and in terms of supply; the country will exceed the other major oils producing company. The demand growth of LNG will be strong and it will be outweighed by the upcoming additions made to supply. The existence of lower price and the excess supply will make it difficult to underwrite more investment. Figure 5: Demand and supply curve of LNG growth in new markets (Source: industry.gov.au 2016) It can be seen from the above graph that the demand of the Australian market of oil and gas was not high and the factor was mainly attributable to the international market pressure rather the price. This trend was observed in the early 1990. Prior to 1990, the supply and demand of the Eastern Australian gas market increased and a huge development was made in the export of oil and gas. Considering the case of Brown Surat gas fields it was observed that the supply of the LNG from the gas field in the upcoming twelve years was not entirely available in the Australian domestic market. The fall in the supply of LNG was attributable to some external reasons. The country faced a deficit in supply of gas in the market, even though there was enough gas to meet the eastern reserve supply and there was also no shortage of demand. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the demand and supply of oil and gas in Australia is not only dependent on the price but also on the several exogenous and endogenous factors. There is the excellent opportunity for Australia in the industry if oil and gas. The price of gas has increased three fold in the last five years. If Australia introduce new exports markets, then it will contribute towards the upward trend in the economic growth. References: Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Camm, J.D. and Cochran, J.J., 2016.Statistics for business economics. Nelson Education. Bridge, G. and Le Billon, P., 2013.Oil. John Wiley Sons. Cashin, P., Mohaddes, K., Raissi, M. and Raissi, M., 2014. The differential effects of oil demand and supply shocks on the global economy.Energy Economics,44, pp.113-134. Gntner, J.H., 2014. How do international stock markets respond to oil demand and supply shocks?.Macroeconomic Dynamics,18(08), pp.1657-1682. Gntner, J.H., 2014. How do oil producers respond to oil demand shocks?.Energy Economics,44, pp.1-13. Industry.gov.au. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.industry.gov.au/Office-of-the-Chief-Economist/Events/Presentations/Documents/Factors%20influencing%20Australias%20gas%20supply%20and%20demand%20-%20speech.pdf [Accessed 27 Nov. 2016]. Mitchell, J., Marcel, V. and Mitchell, B., 2012.What next for the oil and gas industry?. Chatham House. Obizhaeva, A.A. and Wang, J., 2013. Optimal trading strategy and supply/demand dynamics.Journal of Financial Markets,16(1), pp.1-32. Poulton, M.M., Jagers, S.C., Linde, S., Van Zyl, D., Danielson, L.J. and Matti, S., 2013. State of the world's nonfuel mineral resources: Supply, demand, and socio-institutional fundamentals.Annual Review of Environment and Resources,38, pp.345-371. Psacharopoulos, G. ed., 2014.Economics of education: Research and studies. Elsevier. Reddy, V.S., Kaushik, S.C. and Panwar, N.L., 2013. Review on power generation scenario of India.Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,18, pp.43-48. Rios, M.C., McConnell, C.R. and Brue, S.L., 2013.Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill. Varian, H.R., 2014.Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.

The Changeling Critical free essay sample

The Changeling Critical Essay Rachel Meikle Choose a novel which reaches a climax which you find dramatic or moving or disturbing. Explain how the writer achieves this effect and discuss how it contributes to your appreciation of the text as a whole. In Robin Jenkins The Changeling the main character Tom Curdie is a young boy who is faced with the feeling of not belonging in any environment, and therefore makes a very sad and disturbing decision of how to solve his problem. Toms build up to making this decision is highlighted throughout the whole book, and then reaches the disturbing climax at the end of the novel. Jenkins effective use of characterisation and climax build up to and highlight the horrible ending, and also adds to my appreciation of the theme of belonging. Tom Curdie is a young boy who lives in the east-end of Glasgow and is from a very deprived background. We will write a custom essay sample on The Changeling Critical or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, his English teacher Charlie Forbes recognises that he has potential and offers to take him on holiday with his family to Towellan to give him the opportunity to see what life could be like for him if he works hard. Unfortunately, Tom eventually finds himself completely isolated when he realises that he does not elong in Charlies life yet he knows he can never return to his old life in Donaldsons Court. He runs away and although Charlie and his daughter follow him they can do nothing to save him when he eventually hangs himself. At the beginning of the novel we learn that Tom Curdie lives in a small, horrible environment in the east-end of Glasgow called Donaldsons Court, this court is a disgusting area and not the place a child could be well brought up in and nurtured properly. To survive, Tom has developed a tough independence which helps him to cope with the harsh life of the slums. Although Tom appears to be the a tough young oy, we learn early in the book that Tom has a softer side to him when he meets a stray black cat and feeds it with a piece of his apple: Then, biting Offa piece, he placed it under the cats mouth. This highlights the generosity of Tom, and demonstrates to the reader that he isnt the violent and hard boy he pretends to be. Also, Just after the cat incident, we see an act of generosity from Tom again when he gives the rest of his apple to his younger brother Alec: Tom handed him the apple. This again indicates to the audience that Tom is a kind young boy and only put on a tough act i n order to survive in Donaldsons Court.

Civil War, Realism, Regionalism, Naturalism, and Feminism Literature Flashcard

Civil War, Realism, Regionalism, Naturalism, and Feminism Literature

Americas Growing Pains1 essays

Americas Growing Pains1 essays Americas first two presidents, George Washington and John Adams, both resolutely adhered to the idea that America should endeavor to stay out of war at all times, and did everything in their power to evade declaring and entering into war. Throughout their reigns, war was ubiquitous in Europe, and many countries (especially Britain and France) made numerous attempts to obtain and secure Americas support. Washington and Adams both believed that America should not side with any foreign country during times of war making the fundamental purport of Americas first foreign policy the elusion of war at all costs. This policy was manifested throughout Washington and Adams involvement in, and reactions to the following affairs: the Citizen Genet controversy, the One of Washingtons initial attempts to pursue this policy was his counteraction to the Genet Affair. In 1793, George Washington proclaimed neutrality, thus declaring America an uninvolved, nonpartisan country in times of war. Simultaneously, Edmond Charles Genet was sent to the United States as a special representative from France to implore support in the French Revolution. Genet had previously resolved that the proclamation of neutrality was a harmless little pleasantry designed to throw dust in the eyes of the British. Commencing in Charleston, South Carolina, Genet traveled throughout the United States presenting his credentials. In addition to his quest for support, he began to license American vessels to operate as privateers against British shipping and to grant French military commissions to a number of Americans in order to prepare expeditions against Spanish and British territorial claims in North America. These two actions were in direct defilement of American law. Washington demanded that he cease his unlawful actions, but Genet continued to commission privateers because he enti...

Using Adapted SBAR Communication Tool in transitions in patient care Essay

Using Adapted SBAR Communication Tool in transitions in patient care in a long term acute hospital setting - Essay Example ns involved in a certain medical case together so as to create a more progressive intervention process on the part of the healthcare professionals handling the situation of the patients. In the field of healthcare personnel and institution responsibilities, communication plays a great role that affects the entire system’s operations. With the said involvement, healthcare officials giving care to a patient who is under a long-time schedule of medication needs to be well supported through the updates that are sent between the said institutions and even between personnel-to-personnel connection so as to be able to monitor the developments of the patient as they undergo the medication treatments that they are supposed to receive. Usually, medical institutions that are involved in long-time cases of medical treatments are in need of being connected to each other for the sake of continuously being able to communicate together so as to have a background as to how a particular patient fares based on the record of medical development that an individual actually takes into mannered improvement in connection with the medical situation that they have to deal with. Hence, to be able to solve this problem, it is rather important to take into consideration that need to create an effective approach to finding the right process of communication smoothly processed for the sake of the health improvement of the patients being treated. It is believed by the researcher that through this particular study, it could be perceived that the operational use of the SBAR or Situation Background Assessment Recommendation, the process of assisting a patient for his or her faster recovery would become much of an easier task for the medical personnel involved in the said medical cases. Based from researches and observational procedures, this particular paper shall deal with the issues related to the problem in a way that it would be safe way from any ethical issues that may hinder it from

Economics in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics in Australia - Essay Example Process of economic examination have been more and more functional to fields that occupy populace in which officials are included making choices in a communal circumstance, such as crime, education, the family, health, law, politics, religion, social institutions and war. (Barro, Robert J. 1997). Economics as a modern regulation relies on thorough styles of dispute. Objectives include putting together the theories that are simpler, more productive and more dependable in their descriptive authority than other theories. Habitually examination begins with a straightforward model to cut off associations of a changeable to be explained. Complications may be confiscated in the other things equivalent to conjecture. For example, the quantity theory of capital theorizes an optimistic association between the price level and the capital supply, ceteris paribus. The theory can be experienced using economic statistics, such as a price index for GDP and a gauge of the money supply or say cash plus bank deposits. Econometric processes can permit for the power of challenging justifications and attempt to amend for noise from other variables in the nonexistence of a proscribed research. More lately, the use of tentative procedures in economics has significantly prolonged, demanding a previo usly renowned distinguishing characteristic of some usual sciences from economics. Exhibitions of reasoning within economic structures frequently use two dimensional graphs to signify theoretical relations. At an advanced level of simplification, Paul Samuelson's dissertation foundations of economic examination, 1947, illustrated how to use mathematical techniques to examine the category of declarations called operationally significant theorems in economics, which are theorems that can possibly be disproved by experiential information. Such declarations allow examination of a theory. Some decline mathematical economics. Therefore, in the Austrian school of economics it is quarreled that whatever thing further than the simple logic is probably needless and unsuitable for economic analysis. Still, economics has experienced a methodical, increasing formalization of perceptions and processes together for the use in the hypothetic deductive way of clearing up the real world incidents. An example of the latter is the extension of microeconomic examination to apparently non-economic areas, sometimes called economic imperialism. (Foley, Duncan K. 1999). Growth economics studies issues that clarify economic growth or in other words the boost in output per capita of a state over a longer phase of time. The same features are used to give details about the dissimilarities in the level of output per capita amid the countries. Much studied features take in the rate of outlay, populace growth and technical change. These are signified in academic and experiential and in growth accounting. At a more exact level, development economics observes the economic features of the growth process in comparatively low revenue countries with a focus on ways of endorsing economic growth. Approaches in development econo

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Term Paper - 1

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder - Term Paper Example icle really caught my attention because a close friend of mine often talks about her ten-year old son who was diagnosed with ADHD around two years ago. As with most ADHD diagnosed children, my friend had initially thought that he was just an overly active boy who couldn’t stay put long enough. Eventually, my friend’s son had had too many problems with his mates in school and with the teachers as well so my friend decided to have him diagnosed and that was when they found out that he actually had ADHD. While the diagnosis caused some sadness for my friend, she was also relieved at the same time because her son was diagnosed early on and was given the necessary attention and treatment for ADHD symptoms. My friend is quite fortunate too as I learned from the article that only recently were guidelines released in the diagnosis of ADHD. I quite agree with the author that these guidelines ought to be followed closely so that other children who are just normally active, for example, do not run the risk of being incorrectly diagnosed with ADHD while, at the same time, children like my friend’s son who really have this problem may be attended to early on. In addition, I was also particularly interested about the article’s claim on the seemingly â€Å"healing† effects of placebos. The article agrees with the popular view in the psychological community that confirms how much power our minds have over the issues of our bodies (Harrington, 2000). I find myself also agreeing with this view because I have been in several situations wherein my ailments â€Å"healed themselves† when I brought myself to think more positive thoughts rather than focus on my sickness. This particular branch of psychology ought to be explored more because if we are in a capacity to provide ourselves with relief from our ailments, then that would mean that we wouldn’t have to subject ourselves to medications that are sometimes, ironically, quite harmful when taken in too frequently or in larger

Ramsey-Cass-Koopmens (RCK) Model | Analysis

Ramsey-Cass-Koopmens (RCK) Model | Analysis Ramsey-Cass-Koopmens (RCK) model is a neoclassical model which is based on economic growth developed by Frank P. Ramsey with significant extensions by Davis Cass and Tjaning Koopmans. It is an extension of the Solow growth model whereby the new feature is that saving rate is not exogenously given. RCK model is also an alternative to the IS/ LM model for short run analysis. It combines some of the most basic macroeconomic mechanism in one model namely consumptions/ saving, investment and growth. These mechanisms involve decision making. Hence, the RCK model is about intertemporal optimisation. Diamond model is an overlapping Generation model (OLG) which has developed by American Economist Peter A. Diamond (1965). The model extensions the original contributions of Allais (1945) and Samuelsan (1957) by including physical capital The two models are similar yet different in some elements. Assumptions Firstly, this exercise will focus on the assumptions in RCK model and Diamond model whereby there are some similarities and differences. Both models are in line with basic neo-classical assumptions of perfectly competitive markets whereby the objective of the firms is to maximize profits and individual/ household is to maximize utility. Besides this two main assumption, the RCK and the Daimond have the same assumptions as below: Same productions function with capital, knowledge and labour with constant returns to scale. Y = F (Kt, AtLt) Capital is endogenous while knowledge and labour are exogenous Capital and output are the same commodity. Thus, capital can be consumed No depreciation Household earned profits as they owned the firms Saving and consumption are endogenous. In the other perspective both models have different assumptions. Diamond model has the following assumptions: Discrete time, two period model which means the household lives for two periods namely working and retirement. Population growth- At rate n : Lt = (1+n)Lt−1. This shows that in any period t there Lt individuals and Lt−1 indivuals in retirement. Labour supply and lifetime income- Each household supplies one unit of labour in period, earning income = Atwt Ãâ€" 1. The lifetime income is divided between the two periods of life to pay for consumption in each period. Savings. The household spends a portion of lifetime income in period (1) on consumption, C1t. The remainder (Atwt − C1t) is saved to pay for consumption in period (2), C2t+1. Lifetime utility- consumption for each period C1t and C2t+1, to maximize lifetime utility Ut = U (C1t, 1/1+Ï  C2t+1) Production. Firms choose capital Kt and labor Lt to maximize profits according to the following production function: Technology grows at rate g : At = (1+g)At−1. The RCK model has the following assumption: Number of household- each household consists of a number of adults and that household size grows at the rate n and all household last forever. Population size- Population size is denoted by L. When population is denoted at the starting point of the analysis time 0, then it follows that the size of the population at time t is . Consumption- consumption per person is ct = Ct / L t Technology grows at the constant rate g. Hence Capital Ownership- households own all the capital in the economy and that the firms rent the capital from households. Output a single homogenous good that can be used for either consumption or investment. Yt = Ct + It Convergence Dynamic The next part of this paper will discuss on the dynamic of convergence in both models. Figure 1: The RCK model Golden Rule Equilibrium The diagram above illustrates the evolution path of c and k in the RCK model and its dynamic. Points B and D converge to the equilibrium E at the intersection of the lines. Meanwhile the other points are not feasible because the dynamics of this model will generate evolution paths that are not feasible. Point A generates a divergent path, which shows the condition of k must be positive. The path starting from Point B is also divergent and violates that the wealth is not consumed in sufficient way which leading to increasing wealth and reducing consumption. Only Points B and D will generate paths that will converge smoothly to the Modified Golden Rule equilibrium E. However, a pertinent point to note for the RCK model is that the starting point in the economy is critical to ensure convergence. Its dynamics requires that the starting point to exactly on the saddle path denoted by points B and D . Any other points and hence combinations of c and k off the saddle path lead to a divergenc e. The dynamic of Diamond Model can be illustrated in in figure 2 and 3. There is a different on the dynamics of the Diamond model compare to the RCK model. This is due to the assumption of an economy overlapping generations instead of an infinitely lived household. The dynamics of Diamond model are determined by the Euler Equation k t +1 = Dk ÃŽ ± = f ( k t ). E shows the equilibrium point where at this point k * = k t = k t +1. The left of the vertical k* line, k t k t and therefore kt is decreasing in until it converges to the equilibrium point. As illustrated in the diagram k is to the left of k* where k t Figure 2 : The Dynamics of Diamond Model Figure 3 : The Diamond Model (Non Cobb-Douglas Production Function) A The dynamics of convergence for this model depends on the shape of the kt+1 function. The economy in figure 3 will smoothly converge to equilibrium point E1 at k1 when it starts with the condition kt k* There are 2 equilibirium point E1 and E2. However, only E1 is stable while E2 is a knife-edge and unstable. Figure 4: The Diamond Model (Non Cobb-Douglas Production Function) B The economy as shown in the diagram above will only converge to the origin 0 regardless of its starting point. The RCK and Diamond models will exhibit similar characteristics upon reaching their equilibrium points. At the equilibrium points, the economy will be on a balanced growth path, where k and output per effective labour will grow at the rate of technical progress g while GDP will grow at the combined labour and knowledge growth rates (n+g). The savings and consumption rates as a proportion of income will also remain constant. Ricardian Equivalence There are two principal ways to levy revenues for a government, namely to tax current generations or to issue government debt in the form of government bonds the interest and principal of which has to be paid later. The question then arise what the macroeconomic consequences of using these different instruments are, and which instrument is to be preferred from a normative point of view. The Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis claims that it makes no difference, that a switch from one instrument to the other does not change real allocations and prices in the economy. Ricardian equivalence holds under what we earlier called the natural borrowing limit, but not under more stringent ones. The natural borrowing limit is the one that lets households borrow up to the capitalized value of their endowment sequences. These results have counterparts in the overlapping generations model, since that model is equivalent to an infinite horizon model with a no-borrowing constraint. In the overlapping g enerations model, the no-borrowing constraint translates into a requirement that bequests be nonnegative. Thus, in the overlapping generations model, the domain of the Ricardian proposition is restricted, at least relative to the in_nite horizon model under the natural borrowing limit. A natural starting point is the RCK model with lump-sum taxation, since this model avaoids all complications involving market imperfections and heterogeneous households. When the government imply taxes, the household’s budget constraint will be the present value of its consumption cannot exceed its initial wealth and the present value of its after tax labor income.In addition with no market imperfections, there is no reason for the interest rate the household faces at each point in time to differ from the one the government faces. The result of the irrelevance of the government’s financing decisions is the famous Ricardian equivalence between debt and taxes. For example if the government give some amount of bonds to each household at a time and planning to retire this debt at a later time, this will require each household to be taxed. This policy has two effects whereby household has acquired an asset which is the bond that has present value and also acquired a liabilit y which is the future tax obligation that also has the present value. Therefore, the bond does not represent the actual ‘net wealth’ to the household and this will not affect their consumption behaviour. Traditional economic models assume that a shift from tax to bond finance will increase the consumption level. The Ricardian and traditional views of consumption have very different implications for many policy issues. For instance, government often cut taxes during recessions to increase consumption spending. But in the perceptive of Ricardian Equivalence, these efforts are failure. One reason why Ricardian equivalence is not to be exavtly correct is because of turnover in the population. When new people are entering the economy, some of the future tax burden associated with a bond issue is borne by individuals who are not alive when the bond is issued. Therefore, the bonds represents net wealth to those who are currently living and this will affects their behaviour. This possibility is illustrated by the Diamond overlapping-generations model There is very limited Ricardian equivalence theorem for OLG economies. Any change in the timing of taxes that redistributes among generations is in general not neutral in the Ricardian sense. If we insist on representative agents within one generation and purely sel.sh, two-period lived individuals, then in fact any change in the timing of taxes can.t be neutral unless it is targeted towards a particular generation, i.e. the tax change is such that it decreases taxes for the currently young only and increases them for the old next period. Hence, with su ¢ cient generality we can say that Ricardian equivalence does not hold for OLG economies with purely sel.sh individuals. Barro.s (1974) article .Are Government Bonds Net Wealth?. asks exactly offsetting the Ricardian question, namely does an increase in government debt, .financed by future taxes to pay the interest on the debt increase the net wealth of the private sector? Barro identified two main sources for why future taxes are n ot exactly setting current tax cuts (increasing government deficits): a) finite lives of agents that lead to intergenerational redistribution caused by a change in the timing of taxes b) imperfect private capital markets. Barro.s key result is the following: in OLG-models .niteness of lives does not invalidate Ricardian equivalence as long as current generations are connected to future generations by a chain of operational intergenerational, altruistically motivated transfers. These may be transfers from old to young via bequests or from young to old via social security programs. REFERENCES Blanchard, O.J. and S. Fischer, 1989, Lecture on macroeconomics, The M.I.T.  Presss, Cambridge   Barro, R.J., 1974, Are government bonds net wealth?, Journal of Political Economy,  82, 1095-1117. Diamond, P.A., 1965, National debt in a neoclassical growth model, American  Economic Review, 55, 1126-1150. Romer, David (1996), Advanced Macroeconomics Euthanasia: The Right To Die Euthanasia: The Right To Die Euthanasia is the intentional killing of a human being either because he/she has requested for it or when the person being killed hasnt made any request at all. This topic has always brought about so much controversy amongst people in most countries. Everyone in this world has his own experience with death. At least you have witnessed someone die or you have lost a friend or a family member and because of this, death has instilled so much fear in us. You will hear people saying I want a good death. There is no doubt in every man that at one point he will have to die because this is a biological fact. Many people especially the elderly who are approaching the end times of their lives will always say I have lived a good life and now am ready to go. Some who are going through so much problems in their lives will say Am tired of living and now I want to die. According to Harris (2003), all this are very common statements we here in life. This essay is going to address the importance of e uthanasia to both the victims and the family members. The audience readers to which this essay is meant for are the faith groups which may include the Christians, Jewish, Muslim and other religious groups who consider life to be given by God and therefore say only God should take it away. There are two types of euthanasia that we should look into i.e. passive and active euthanasia. The difference between these two is that in passive euthanasia, the patient dies on his own in the sense that the doctor does not do anything to the patient. He simply neglects him or stops giving him the medication that could have helped him remain alive. On the other hand active euthanasia is where by the doctors performs some action to bring to an end the life of the patients. In most cases it might involve giving a very powerful injection. All the same it still remains to the euthanasia. A doctor who does not give a throat cancer patient medication and lets him die of cancer is no better than that who gives him a strong injection and makes him die. Either way both doctors will have saved the patient the agony of having to live with so much pain in their lives and then die in the long run (Hermsen and Henj 517) Most terminally ill patients normally undergo so much pain that they cannot sometimes bear. In addition they also experience very poor life that they feel not human or feel God has neglected them. It is very frustrating for someone to experience such intractable pain and yet he was a healthy human being a few days a go. This is the reason why most of them voluntarily decide to request the doctor to end their lives. In some instances the doctor is in a better position to understand whether the patient will live or not. According to Franjo (1980), if the patient is going to die in the long run, then there is no need of keeping him in hospital for a few more days and incur so much expense because he is going to die either way. Even when the doctor does not end the life of such a patient, the body is finally going to give in. the pain these people undergo is so intense that ending their life may even give them peace because there is nothing they are enjoying by remaining alive. Even though everyone has a right to life of which the state is supposed to ensure that it is realized, it does not have the right to deny people their wish to die given such circumstances. Suicide is a legal matter that is applicable to all and is punishable by law. However a terminally ill person in hospital may not be in a position to exercise such an option either because of the physical or mental limitations. At such a point, the doctor may be in a good position to understand what is good for the patient. Even though most religious people may argue that the doctor is a human being and is capable of telling lies, there is no point in a doctor lying about someones life because he does not benefit in any way. According to Harris (2003), it is important to note that doctors do not have any personal gain in ending the patients life; they are only involved in instances where the patients life is of no benefit to him any more or when the patient has become a very huge burden to the fami ly or will become a huge burden with time. Many faith groups believe that its Gods will for terminally ill patients to undergo pain and suffering and they consider this a divine learning opportunity or a purification opportunity. This is a misguided way of thinking. There is no way god can allow his follower to undergo so much pain just because he wants the patient to grow strong in faith. In fact the bible says Gods has good plans for humanity. Plans that will give him a better future. Following this statement, there is no chance that the God will make a patient go through such painful experience. As a matter of fact, Jesus Christ suffered on our behalf and that is enough (Franjo 1980 ) At this point in time, there is a growing restriction in medical funding. This has led to doctors and family members having to result to very expensive treatments for patients who are terminally ill so that they can at least extent their days of living. If the patient does not want to continue living like that, then it is only fair that we grand them their wish and allow them to die. According to Hermsen Henj (2002), The amount of money that could be used in such expensive treatment can be diverted into other areas with insufficient funding such as infant care and pre-natal care (p. 519). This way the money will help save a lot of lives and also help in improving the lives of many more people other than spending the whole amount on one person who will die either way. Imagine a family spending five hundred thousand dollars on a patient to be kept alive on machines in he cannot survive without the life supporting machine. This will drain the family every single cent in their accounts but the bottom line is, the patients will die either way. It would be therefore wise for them to end the patients life and use the money for other purposes. Many people might also argue that terminally ill patients can be relieved off the pain they experience through proper management. It is true that the doctors who handle such patients must have undergone proper training and therefore capable of handling extreme medical cases like the terminally ill. According to Zdenkowski (1996), the problem is that not everyone can find access to the adequate pain management facilities and medication. So many Americans do not have health coverage. It therefore becomes very difficult and ex[pensive for them to take care of terminally ill patients considering the amount of money required. This as led to may people selling off their assets just to foot the bills of friends and relatives who end up dying after causing so much inconvenience to friends and relatives. To avoid such problems, it would be better if doctors agree to the wishes of the patients an d end their lives. Just like every person has the right to life, he also has autonomy over the same life. It is therefore upon him to decide whether or not to end it especially when his quality of life is not even in existence. He can also seek assistance from other people who might be taking care of him to do so. In any case a person in such a state is virtually dead. according to Mohita Chibber (2007), the main reason why people exist on this earth is to enjoy life and socialize with one another for mutual development of the community. If a person is always on the bed in a room somewhere, there is nothing he is enjoying on earth. Actually he is in fact suffering. Ending his life will doing him so much favor because sometimes the experience of terminal illness is so painful that a victim will see life as a burden he cannot continue living with. The only solution that will relieve him of and intolerable pain and suffering is death. Keeping euthanasia illegal like it is in the present time is even more hurtful for the patients. It is very disheartening to see animals being treated better than human beings because the law considers it illegal to keep a suffering animal alive while for human beings, it does not mind how much suffering they undergo. If the main purpose for existence of the law is to take care of the citizens, then euthanasia should be legalized so that terminally ill patients can be relieved from the never ending pain they undergo. With proper structures and responsibility, euthanasia can be very helpful in the health sector. Together with permission from the patient, organs from a victim can be preserved and donated to other patients who are really in need of them for survival. Furthermore these bodies could be used by medical experts to advance research in medical science to ensure that future generations are in a better position to deal with such problems whenever they occur (Zdenkowski 1996). The major issue with euthanasia is therefore whether it will bring more benefit when the person is dead than keeping him alive. It does not make sense to waste away someones life in a hospital bed in a state than can no longer be recognized as human being. In most cases terminally ill people are just like puppets who are controlled in every thing they do. They can not exist on themselves. For those who have been in critical states that can be considered next to death understands the pain one goes through. This is why no one would wish to spend the rest of his life on machines and pipes all over his body in every opening in the name of survival. Such person should not even be considered a human being because ideally he is no less than a machine (Mohita Chibber 2007). Although Euthanasia might have some disadvantages to both victims and the family members , the fact still remains that it is all about following the victims wish and because he is the one who understands the kind of pain he is going through, then it is only fear that the doctor grants him his wish. Annotated Bibliography Franjo, Cardinal Seper. Declaration on Euthanasia, the sacred congregation for the doctrine of the faith. May 5, 1980. April 6, 2010. http://www.cin.org/vatcong/euthanas.html Franco article focuses on the dignity a person possesses and the importance of his life. It also describes what the Christian understand by the suffering and pain they undergo whenever they are sick. Man should therefore accept the power of death the way it comes because at one point we shall all die. However those in the medical field should take good care of the patients. Harris John. Concent and end of life decisions. Journal of medical ethics. Feb. 2003. EBSCO Host. April 6, 2010 http://jme.bmj.com/content/29/1/10.full Harris discusses about the importance of consent in putting an end to someones life. The concept of autonomy is talked about where he insists that the victim has a right of deciding whether to end his life or not. According to Haris treatment of a person who has refused to get medication is a violation of his right and therefore should be avoided. If the victim is going to die either way, then there is no problem in ending hid life Hermsen, Maaike A, NA Henj A M.J. Euthanasia in Palliative care journals. Journal of pain and symptom management. 2002. Vol. 23 No. 6 517-522 These authors say palliative care has become a very intristing issue for most countries in the world since the 1980s. We have both those people who are for euthanasia and those who are against it. According to them we have those people who say dying is a part of life that is inevitable and therefore there is nothing wrong in ending terminally ill patients life. However we also have those who say we have to respect life and let it take its course without interference Mohita Chibber Aman. Euthanasia and Human rights legal service India.com. 22 Nov. 2007. 6 April 2010. Mohita and Chibber say there are a lot of people we come across in hospitals who totally depend on machines and medication for survival. The question has always been whether the best option is to end the victims life or continue sustaining his life with machines and medication The law in various countries varies when it comes to exercising the right to life in such instances but the fundamental issue is that every person has the autonomy to choose whether to live or die Zdenkowski, George. Human rights and euthanasia. Australia human rights commission. 1996 Retrieved on April 6, 2010 from http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human_rights/euthanasia/index.html According to Zdenkowski, euthanasia is a very controversial issue that has been in existence for quite sometime. We should therefore concentrate on reconciling the competing issues that exist between respect to life and the desire of a victim to die when suffering. Every human being has a right to life which should be respected and the violation of this is punishable by law. The doctors should also respect the patients right to life.

Computer Networks :: Technology, Network Resources

Computer networks like internet necessitate network resources, i.e. bandwidth, buffer spaces, etc in order to accommodate the arriving packets at router buffers [25]. When the arriving packets cannot be accommodated due to lack of network resources, this indicates occurring congestion at router buffers of networks [21]. Congestion can deteriorate a network performance [22, 25] through growing the packet loss probability due to overflow as well as the mean waiting time for packets in the queueing network. In addition, congestion may reduce the throughput and increase the packet dropping probability precedes the router buffers have overflowed. Congestion can also generate unmaintained average queue length ( ), and this may lead to build up the contents of router buffers, and thus many arriving packets may drop or lose at the router buffers. Many researchers have proposed methods with aim to control congestion at router buffers of networks [1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 14, 15, 16], i.e. AQM methods [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Each AQM is proposed as a congestion control method that identifies congestion at router buffers in an early stage, which means before the router buffers have overflowed. The most known AQM method is RED [14], Gentle RED [16], the Adaptive GRED [2], Adaptive RED [15], Random Early Marking (REM) [7], Dynamic Random Early Drop (DRED) [8] and some discrete-time queue analytical models [1, 4, 5, 6] which were constructed depending on some of AQM techniques. For example, DRED analytical models which they constructed by analysing two queue nodes [5] and three queue nodes [1] based on DRED and using discrete-time queues mechanism [26]. GRED analytical model [4] and BLUE analytical model [6] were constructed depending on GRED and BLUE, respectively and utilising discrete-time queues mechanism. As mentioned previously, RED was proposed as a congestion control method, but RED can degrade the network’s performance due to the following causes: 1) abruptly RED can increase its arrival rate aggressively, thus the RED’s router buffers may overflow. Therefore, every arriving packet will lose. 2) At a particular time, the RED’s congestion measure ( ) value may be below the value of minimum threshold position at the router buffer ( ). This indicates no packet can be dropped. However, for a short time the arrival rate increases and making the router buffer overflowing. Nonetheless, the value increases but still smaller than the value of .

Meaning of Life and Novel Grendel Essay

In the novel Grendel, John Gardner, through Grendel’s character, portrays the universal struggle all humans face to find meaning in life. Grendel, just like everyone else wants to find his meaning, and purpose. Though he struggles, Grendel is ultimately trying to find himself in all of the things that he does. Concept and Explanation Textual Support #1 People in their teenage years often experience a sense of isolation, and this is what Grendel is representing. He doesn’t understand why everyone else has companionship, while he is alone, which is showing his struggle to find out the meaning of his life. People always complain that â€Å"no one understands them† and in Grendel’s case, it’s literal, no one understands him. #1 â€Å"Why can’t I have someone to talk to? † I said. The stars said nothing, but I pretended to ignore the rudeness. â€Å"The Shaper has people to talk to,† I said. I wrung my fingers. â€Å"Hrothgar has people to talk to. † Pg. 53 #2 This quote shows Grendel asking his mom why they live where they do. He’s looking for answers, for a reason why they live there, and why they live the way they do. He might not be looking for a meaning to life, but he’s looking for a meaning for his way of life. He again, doesn’t understand why other things get to live in nicer ways, and in better places. Grendel is looking for a reason, as always. #2 â€Å"‘Why are we here? ’ I used to ask her. â€Å"Why do we stay in this putrid hole? ’† pg. 11 #3 This quote also shows Grendel trying to find meaning to life, or rather show his negativity towards it. He is stating that where you are a child, everything is good, but then you grow up and you have to realize the truth. Grendel is still trying to figure out his truth, and what his meaning really is. #3 â€Å"So childhood too feels good at first, before one happens to notice the terrible sameness, age after age. † Pg. 9 #4 This quote represents Grendel’s more nihilistic ways. He questions his own actions, and motives, showing that he is unsure. His answer to his own question is not even an answer. He says Hrothgar has not done anything to deserve it, but he also has not done anything to be exempt from him. Grendel, again, is searching for an answer why. #4 â€Å"How, if I know all this, you may ask, could I hound him–shatter him again and again.dive him deeper and deeper into woe? I have no answer, except perhaps this: why should I not? Has he made any move to deserve my kindness? † pg. 122 #5 When people find something they’re good at, they refer to it as their â€Å"calling. † Well, this quote represents Grendel finding his calling. He is finally stating that he has an identity and purpose that is unique. This is the first time Grendel feels he actually has a place, and his life has meaning, which elates him. #5 â€Å"I was Grendel, Ruiner of Meadhalls, Wrecker of Kings! † pg. 80.

Hegemony and Ideology

Hegemony and Ideology The media plays a pivotal role in defining the world and providing models for appropriate behavior and attitudes. Ideology has a link with concepts such as belief system, worldview and values, but is broader in context. The media is considered to be an avenue through which dissemination of ideology takes place. Hence, this is one reason why the media is often a subject of political debate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hegemony and Ideology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The media is deemed a root of social evils and problems. In his campaign trail of 2000, President George W. Bush alleged that school violence was due to â€Å"dark dungeons of evil on the internet† (Kornblut and Scales cited in Croteau Hoynes 2003). Also, politicians from across the political realm blamed violent video games for the tragic shootings at Colorado Columbine High School in 1999. The media thus is perceived to sell both ideas and products and this paper will discuss how the media effectively achieves this by paying attention to ideology and hegemony. As shown by Marx and Frankfurt, ideology yields positive results by indicating that social power is operational via the cultural realm of society. People are grouped into social networks of oppression and subordination by ideological systems (Cottle 2000). Marxists often talk of ideology as a belief system used by those in power to justify their actions though distortion and misrepresentation of reality. Media uses ideology as a means to define and explain the world, and make value inferences on this world. Ideology in media does not focus on specific activities shown in newspapers, songs, or movies, rather it is interested in the broader system made up by such activities. Compatibility of images and words in a certain media text, thoughts and definitions of cultural and social issues are fundamental in ideological analysis (Croteau Hoynes 2003). Despite th e fact that mass media texts are comprehended ideologically as means of communication that have a higher regard for some set of ideas and not others, an explicit description of media ideology remains limited. Hegemony on the other hand deals with predominant influence of one group over other groups/group.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fiske defined hegemony as â€Å"exertion of a nation’s ideological and social, rather than military or coercive, power over another nation† (Fiske 1998, 310). In contemporary cultural society, hegemony is the dynamic means used by a dominant class to obtain and win the consent of the subordinate class. Ideology is very powerful because it is the means through which dominance of hegemonic institutions is gained. Therefore, consent should be won and re-won because courageous individuals may possess alternative ideologies that make them rebellious to hegemonic ones. Ideology, therefore, is integral in enabling a ruling, hegemonic institutions propagate the required consent for dominance. Media texts are seen as fundamental sites to basic social norms. This is because they play a role in depicting appropriate roles of men and women, employers and their employees, and parents and children. By so doing, the media disseminates the ideologies governing roles by various kinds of people. Ideology is fundamental in reinforcing perceptions and ideas in the minds of the audiences but, for it to have the powerful effect of changing these perceptions and ideas, a hegemonic aspect is essential. Media audiences define their being, and through such means social demarcation prevails. The U.S. cultural historians: Todd Gitlin and Williams, and British cultural studies headed by Stuart Hall, have applied false consciousness as the anticipated end product of hegemony. Hegemony has been deemed as the domination, via ide ology, of the ruling class and development of popular consent by Antonio Gramsci, an Italian Marxist. Hegemony is a concept that integrates persuasion from the dominant classes and consent from the dominated classes. It is used by Gitlin and other scientists to explain the process of the capitalisms promotion. Gitlins study implies that supremacy is maintained when those people who are responsible for the process can easily present the explanations of the subjects under consideration. The ruling class controls ideological space and restricts the thinking of society. The minor/dominated class ignorantly takes part in their domination as hegemony becomes a part of their daily routines and ideas (Gitlin 1980).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hegemony and Ideology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Media sites have become a site where cultural contests are staged. This is due to the varying ideological perspectives, which are a representation of different interests varying in power that creates a kind of conflict and struggles within media texts. Hegemony is not all about ideological domination; rather, it operates by using common sense while making assumptions on social life and terrain of things accepted as natural, or conventional. Gramsci says that by shaping commonsense assumptions, effective rule is achieved (1971). Common sense is the way that people conceive and perceive things without the need of critical evaluation. A young woman watches a sitcom on television each evening. The characters on this program, her favorite show, are young, thin, Caucasian, and attractive. She is also young, attractive, and Caucasian; watching the program informs and reinforces her perceptions of her successful appearance, her sense of belonging, and her identity as part of her generation (Gray 2005). Most people are not aware of how presentations of television are developed. The decision by consumers on any pro gram and advertisement is influenced by various parties and institutions. According to Marxist theorists, such parties and institutions are deemed to possess power and privilege. Ideology is useful in understanding contemporary media because it focuses on compatibility of hegemonic ideology with personal or societal ideologies. However, hegemony is more useful because it has an influential role that persuades the audience thereby creating dominance. The ability of the media’s hegemonic ideology to influence the ideology of an individual leads to subordination. Otherwise, hegemony alone is not enough to wage subordination because through hegemonic ideology, the dominated class engages in its domination without realizing it. In the excerpt given above, the ability of the media to shape and reinforce the ideology of the young woman creates a kind of subordination to the program. According to Althusser, ideology is the link between imaginary thinking with real existence: material existence (Althusser 1969, 296). Stuart Hall is one of the contemporary cultural and media critic rooted in Althusserian framework of ideology, and believes that audiences will accept some ideas and reject others depending on their individual differences, particular beliefs and cultural circumstances (Hall 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hall regularly contours this scenario in his encoding-decoding typology that postulates the encoding of messages with their unique meanings by the sender, and the decoding of these messages by the audiences (2001). The audiences accept some of these meanings, develop new meanings, and reject some of the desired meanings. Postmodern Marxists embrace Gramscian hegemony characterized by persuasion of individuals and social classes to accept social values and norms of an exploitative system (Gramsci 1971). In the contemporary social world, there are conflicting ideologies as mentioned earlier on. As a result, hegemony comes in and plays an essential role in influencing the decision of the audience. Gramsci describes hegemony as a form of social power that is dependent on voluntarism and willing participation and is seen as common sense that governs people’s understanding of the world (Gramsci 1971, 333). Integration of hegemony in ideology is what defines and helps to understand contemporary media. Individuals, who are lovers of romantic novels and films, begin watching the movie with their certain ideologies in mind, but at the end of the novel or film, their ideologies become influenced and changed via hegemony. In a story of â€Å"I Followed My Dream† (True Romance 1980 cited in Williams 1977), the hegemony of patriarchy influences and changes the feminist ideas of a young woman. The character in this story possesses feminist ideas that guide her thinking. She does not intend to get married to a Chauvinist, who will just regard her as a servant. However, she falls in love and actually performs wifely duties as required of her. This story is influential to the audience, and is an indication of hegemonic ideology. The main theoretical concept that governs contemporary ideology of media is hegemony. Hegemony encompasses culture, power and ideology. The media is perceived to possess a powerful hegemony over the audience thus making them less independe nt. Freedom of the press, which is leading slogan in almost all media stations, should be understood to mean ‘power of the press’. The media has had a powerful influential role on the audiences. Several instances include the rise of nationalism in Serbia (Meeuwis 1993), inciting ethnic hatred in Rwanda and South Africa, as well as triggering the post-election violence in Kenya. Despite the fact that the media depicts various ideologies, hegemony is very imperative in contemporary media as far as power, dominance and influence are concerned. In the Contemporary American society, the media has been referred to as a center of culture wars against fundamental issues related to morality (Hunter 1991). There are struggles over morality and values as the media tries to persuade audiences to accept the images being disseminated. The nomination of Eminem’s album ‘The Marshall Mathers LP’ in the year 2001 stirred up a lot of controversy as a result of the angr y and violent lyrics by the rapper in his depictions of gays, women and lesbians. The media has become the avenue through which change in lifestyle, sexuality and behavior is propagated, and persuades the audiences. Right now, the issue of single motherhood has been swept under the rug just because the media has shown it as acceptable thus most women nowadays are becoming single out of mere choice (Croteau Hoynes 2003). In addition, the Third World countries have been imposed on by the Western countries in terms of clothing, diet, body size, lifestyle, etc. via the media. Hegemonic ideology has been very influential in changing people’s (audiences’) ways and thoughts. The media is an area where change is inevitable noticed, from ideological sense to hegemony. The media, therefore, is a powerful tool that greatly influences the thinking and behavior of the audience. The media is able to perform this role through hegemony/dominant ideology. Hegemonic ideology is able to influence the audiences, making them less independent such that they rely on the media for guidance. This is the reason why the media has been blamed for change and dilution of social norms and especially in Third World countries. References Althusser, L 1998, ‘Ideology and ideological state apparatuses’, in Rivkin, J Ryan, M (eds.), Literary theory: An anthology, Blackwell Publishers, Malden, pp. 294-304. Cottle, S (ed.) 2000, Ethnic Minorities and the Media: Changing Cultural Boundaries, Open University Press, Buckingham. Croteau, D Hoynes, W 2003, Media Society: Industries, Images, and Audiences, Sage Publications, Inc., California. Fiske, J 1998, ‘Culture, ideology and interpellation’, in Rivkin J Ryan M (eds.), Literary theory: An anthology, Blackwell Publishers, Malden, pp. 305-311. Gitlin, T 1980, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the Left, University of California Press, Berkeley. Gray, JB 2005, ‘Althuss er, Ideology, and Theoretical Foundations: Theory and Communication’, Journal of New Media Culture, 3, 1, ibiblio.org/nmediac/winter2004/gray.html. Gramsci, A 1971, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, International Publishers, New York. Hall, S 2001, ‘Encoding decoding’, in Durham, MG Kellner, DM (eds.), Media and cultural studies: Key works, Blackwell Publishers, Malden, pp. 166-176. Hunter, JD 1991, Culture Wars, Basic Books, New York. Meeuwis, M 1993, ‘Nationalist Ideology in News Reporting on the Yugoslav Crisis: A Pragmatic Analysis’, Journal of Pragmatics 20, 3, 217-237. Williams, R 1977, Marxism and Literature, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Definition and Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences

Definition and Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences In English grammar, a compound-complex sentence is a  sentence with two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Also known as a  complex-compound sentence. The compound-complex sentence is one of the four basic sentence structures. The other structures are the simple sentence, the compound sentence, and the complex sentence. Examples and Observations The compound-complex sentence is so named because it shares the characteristics of both compound and complex sentences. Like the compound sentence, the compound-complex has two main clauses. Like the complex sentence, it has at least one subordinate clause. The subordinate clause can be part of an independent clause.(Random House Websters Pocket Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation, 2007)His blue eyes were light, bright and sparkling behind half-mooned spectacles, and his nose was very long and crooked, as though it had been broken at least twice.(J.K. Rowling,  Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. Scholastic, 1998)The door of the morning room was open as I went through the hall, and I caught a glimpse of Uncle Tom messing about with his collection of old silver.(P.G. Wodehouse, The Code of the Woosters, 1938)All of us are egotists to some extent, but most of us- unlike the jerk- are perfectly and horribly aware of it when we make asses of ourselves. (Sidney J. Harris, A Jerk, 1961) Those are my principles, and if you dont like them . . . well, I have others.(Groucho Marx)The Druids used mistletoe in ceremonies of human sacrifice, but most of all the evergreen became a symbol of fertility because it flourished in winter when other plants withered. (Sian Ellis, Englands Ancient Special Twig. British Heritage, January 2001)We operate under a jury system in this country, and as much as we complain about it, we have to admit that we know of no better system, except possibly flipping a coin.(Dave Barry, Dave Barrys Guide to Marriage and/or Sex, 1987)She gave me another of those long keen looks, and I could see that she was again asking herself if her favourite nephew wasnt steeped to the tonsils in the juice of the grape. (P.G. Wodehouse, Plum Pie, 1966)In America everybody is of the opinion that he has no social superiors, since all men are equal, but he does not admit that he has no social inferiors, for, from the time of Jefferson onward, the doctrine that all men are equal applies only upwards, not downwards.(Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays, 1930) How,  Why, and When to Use Compound-Complex Sentences The compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. This syntactic shape is essential in representing complex relationships and so is frequently put to use in various forms of analytical writing, especially in academic writing. It is also probably true that the ability to use compound-complex sentences elevates a writers credibility: it demonstrates that he or she can bring together in a single sentence a range of different pieces of information and order them in relationship to each other. This is not to say that the compound-complex sentence invites confusion: on the contrary, when handled carefully, it has the opposite effect- it clarifies the complexity and enables readers to see it clearly.(David Rosenwasser and Jill Stephen, Writing Analytically, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2012)Compound-complex sentences get unwieldy in a hurry. So clear writers minimize their use, generally restricting them to no more than 10 percent of their wo rk.But varying the sentence structures in a piece makes it more interesting, and writers who care about rhythm will stray from the simpler forms to mix in compound sentences now and then. (Jack Hart, A Writers Coach: The Complete Guide to Writing Strategies That Work. Anchor, 2006) Compound-complex sentences are  used infrequently in business messages because of their length. (Jules Harcourt et al.,  Business Communication, 3rd ed.  South-Western Educational, 1996) Punctuating Compound-Complex Sentences If a compound or a compound-complex sentence has one or more commas in the first clause, you may want to use a semicolon before the coordinating conjunction between the two clauses. Its purpose is to show the reader very clearly the division between the two independent clauses. (Lee Brandon and  Kelly Brandon,  Sentences, Paragraphs, and Beyond, 7th ed. Wadsworth, 2013)For in the end, freedom is a personal and lonely battle;  and one faces down fears of today so that those of tomorrow might be engaged. (Alice Walker, Choosing to Stay at Home Ten Years After the March on Washington, 1973.  In Search of Our Mothers Gardens, 1983)

Child and Adolescent Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child and Adolescent Psychology - Essay Example The infancy period is of no exception to this rule. First of all, it is important to dispel any claim that the infancy period or the first year of child development is insignificant and it won’t make any difference at such a young age just because a baby, such as in the case of Tyree, will be sleeping most of the time anyway. In Erikson’s theory of psychosocial analysis, the first stage of development focuses on the experiences of an infant in the culmination of what Erikson would term as Trust versus Mistrust. According to Santrock, this stage is characterized by a sense of trust that requires â€Å"a feeling of physical comfort and a minimal amount of fear and apprehension about the future† and thus â€Å"trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live in† (2004). In relation to the physical needs of an infant, it is widely recognized that proximodistal principle growth and development follow from the center of the body outward. â€Å"During infancy and early childhood, the limbs continue to grow faster than the hands and feet† and thus â€Å"children first develop the ability to use their upper arms and legs† (Papalia et al., 2007). With this kept in mind, it is best to choose Child Care A which have a lot of tunnels for crawling and resting. More tunnels mean more opportunities for exercise and as such this environment will be more conducive for Tyree’s gross and fine motor coordination and skills. In relation to the cognitive needs of an infant, the cognitive ability to perceive and handle information is being influenced by the surroundings of an infant and this largely relates to their future intelligence. â€Å"Much information-processing research with infants is based on habituation, a type of learning in which repeated or continuous exposure to a stimulus reduces attention to that stimulus† and â€Å"As infants habituate, they transform the novel into the

MBA statement of purpose for admission needs to be polished Personal

MBA of purpose for admission needs to be polished - Personal Statement Example In these numerous employments, I have had the opportunity to become a software developer, a consultant as well as offer other technical support to the teams. I have travelled widely in my different jobs from Europe to Asia and even Australia which has provided the exposure with the technology and software development. I have consulted with companies at their start up stages and have seen them blossom and hence I believe that my business will succeed once I get the skills and knowledge. Other than the technological jobs, I have also been involved in humanitarian jobs mostly on a voluntary basis. I have worked as a bereavement counsellor for children and adults who have lost their spouses, served soup in the soup kitchen for the homeless which was a church-based program, taught yoga and worked in spas and even handled women dealing with intimacy issues offering them empathy and compassion. The travelling to different states and nations as well as dealing with many different cultures has taught me the importance of cultural sensitivity, different languages as well as taking huge risks as long as I believe in the course and have evidence to support no matter how limited. I have worked in different teams and even become a team leader making huge decisions and leading the rest towards innovative projects. I have realized there is lack of a strong mobile phone software market that addresses the needs of the majority of the population in the areas that matter the most which are finance, health and education. Technology is developing and evolving at a high rate and if there is more intense integration of the technology to the sectors mentioned above using the mobile phone device and specialized software, then a lot of difference can be made as well as money. I aim to capitalize on this market but I will require more theoretical knowledge as I am versed with experience. All these activities and hobbies I

Identification of unknown Bacteria Research Paper

Identification of unknown Bacteria - Research Paper Example With regards to the aim of the experiment, which is to identify unknown bacteria from mixed culture #18 using biochemical and morphological test, the two organisms identified had distinct characteristics which were looked for following laboratory tests. Normally, Gram staining is employed to differentiate 2 bacteria groups with different cell wall constituent. The method has the ability to differentiate Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria group; thus the bacterial cells are either colored red or violet. Gram positive bacteria is shown by Violet staining due to a thick layer of peptidoglycan existing   in the cell wall of the bacteria, thus the crystal violet is retained by these cells on a slide. Consequently, Gram negative bacteria is shown by red staining due to a thin layer of peptidoglycan existing in the bacteria cell wall, hence crystal violet is not retained   by bacterial cells. (Winn et al,2006)MacConkey Agar is used to distinguish Gram- negative, lactose-fermenting organisms from organisms that are non-fermentative .It is an inhibitory and differential medium that contains Crystal violets, bile salts, inhibitory agent and neutral red. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator.   Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria is known to be lactose fermenters hence unknown A while Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria is not lactose fermentor thus unknown B. The orinithine decarboxylase test is important for Enterobacteriaceae differentiation. (MacFaddin, 2000). MR-VP broth for Methyl Red test consists of peptone, phosphate buffer and glucose.

Natural Selection through Competition and Isolation of Species Essay Example for Free

Natural Selection through Competition and Isolation of Species Essay The struggle for life results in differences in form which Darwin called â€Å"incipient species. † Darwin says that variations, no matter how small or big they are, will necessarily be passed down to offsprings because they will tend to make those individuals survive. He called this process natural selection to relate it to mans ability to select objects in their lives. Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher, had previously described the struggle for life as the â€Å"survival of the fittest,† which Darwin though was also appropriate for the process of evolution that goes on among organisms. Competition is constantly happening between organisms because of the rate of population increase. This leads into a Malthusian struggle that eliminates the nonadaptive individuals from the group (Cuvier et al. , 2003, p. 20). The divergence in the forms of species may result from changes in living conditions. Darwin pointed out that some species may be wiped out because of the immigration of other groups more adapted to the environment where they live in. Man-induced selection practiced by breeders of animals often results in sharp cases of divergence within species, although this is also possible through natural processes (Cuvier et al. , 2003, p. 24). Some experts point out that Darwin anticipated the concept of â€Å"ecological niche† because he suggested that all individuals who survive in the environment were not necessarily higher or better. They just have their own features that made them better adapted to the environment. According to Darwin, natural selection is facilitated by the isolation or seclusion of a population of organisms. Its pace can also quicken if the species is composed of a large population in open areas, since this indicates that there are many variations within the group (Cuvier et al. , 2003, p. 26). Darwin measured and described the divergence in species through a tree diagram with branches that stopped or fell off while extinction happens. New buds also spring from the tree to symbolize new species, leading to Darwin call it the â€Å"tree of life. † Heredity in Darwins Theory of Natural Selection Evolution had already been discussed before Darwins theory was published. Darwin only added substance to the science of evolution by proposing the idea of natural selection as a tool of evolution. Despite the soundness of his theory however, it was still difficult to form a coherent story of the evolution of organisms because there was no acceptable model or standard of heredity to explain natural selection. In fact, Darwin admits that the laws of heredity are still unclear (Endler Endler, 1986, p. 36). Since there was no guiding standard for heredity, Darwin borrowed Lamarck’s idea of acquired characteristics through use and disuse. He believed that when animals regularly use certain parts of their body, those parts become stronger or larger. In contrast, disuse results in certain parts being weaker or decreasing in size. These acquired characteristics are then passed on to newer generations either through domestication or through nature. While use and disuse had some role in evolution, Darwin said that some developments in the characteristics of animals, such as the loss of wings of some insects, might have resulted from natural selection.

The Family Circuit Essay -- Technology Computers Entertainment Papers

The Family Circuit A mother is doing laundry while her infant sleeps soundly in the room upstairs. She is mid-fold when a cry pierces the silence. She looks over at the baby-cam monitor and sees that her child is in his crib. She reads the dials on the side of the monitor: Vital Signs: normal. Diaper moisture level: 0. Minutes since last feeding: 136. Sighing, she reaches over and clicks three buttons, and resumes her work. Upstairs the crib starts to rock gently, as a nearby stereo plays a recording of his mother's voice singing, and a mechanical arm holding a bottle reaches in and holds the bottle for the baby to grasp. The machine retreats and the baby is lulled back into slumber without his mother having to move an inch or touch him. The scenario may seem exaggerated—unlikely in our own time, yet not unforeseeable in the future. Our era has become so obsessed with technology and its time-saving wonders that quality time itself is taking a backseat to efficiency, destroying what is essentially the human experience. Time used to be the feature by which a family's strength was measured: the more time you spent with your children, the closer you were. Families once gathered around a dinner table in talkative interaction. But now dinner conversation is being silenced as technology takes a permanent seat at the American family's dinner table. There is no age or gender group excluded from the target practice of the technology market. Everyone from infants to grandparents is not only involved, but subject to the increasing dependency on technology to keep family life running smoothly. The once low-cost "quality family time" has given way to a thousand-dollar cycle of expenses to keep every member of the family in touch and up... ..." New York Times. February 10, 2001. Centerwall, B. S. "Exposure to television as a cause of violence." Public Communication as Behavior. Academic Press, Inc., 1999. 2:1-58. Guernsey, Lisa. "Toy story, looking for lessons. Do multimedia playthings teach or do they just pacify nervous parents?" New York Times. January 3, 2002. Malley, Michael. "Re-engineering America's leisure time." Hotel & Motel Management. August 11, 1997. Sneed, C., and Runco, M. A. "The beliefs adults and children hold about television and video games." The Journal of Psychology vol. 126 n. 3, 273-84. www.apa.org/monitor/aug98/tech.html www.earthlink.net/~esmejake/psycho.html www.standford.edu/dept/report/news/february16/internetsurvey-216.html www.colby.edu/personal/k/kbmacdon/bad.htm www.consumerreports.com www.fisherprice.com www.census.gov www.wherify.com

Teachers and Technology Essays -- Education, Technology in the Classro

Nature of the Study Teachers' overall attitudes towards technology play a vital role in adopting a set method in determining how to instruct with wireless laptops (Kervin & Mantei, 2010). Alternatively, the way teachers perceive technology will hypothesize a key determinant of the nature of this quantitative, pre-experimental study. In this study, the reason why teachers do not routinely and effectively use available technology such as wireless laptops in K–12 classrooms will be examined. To take full advantage of technology, while reducing possible drawbacks, requires matching the technology with the learning objectives (Lee, 2010). The researcher will use a pre-experimental, quantitative study, which has a cross-sectional web-based, five point Likert-scale survey entitled the Technology Attitude Scale (TAS). The TAS will be administered to collect data during the course of this study. Subsequently, the TAS questionnaire is an adapted version of Swan and Dixon’s (2006) model. The results of the TAS will be analyzed using an experimental and non experimental sample to establish teachers’ attitudes about wireless technology in the instructional practice. The survey provides and shows the reliability of .92 and showed a proven validity tested through statistical analysis. Swan and Dixon (2006) used the TAS to examine any correlation between teachers’ attitudes towards technology and the use of such technology in their study. In this study, a convenience sample instead of a random sample of teachers in a rural southeast Georgia school district will be used because teachers are both accessible and willing to participate. Accessibility and willingness to participate are characteristics of a convenience sample (Lee... ...itudes, societal impact, specific negative cognitions or self-critical personal dialogues during actual computer usage or when considering future computer use (Ursavas & Karal, 2009). Theory-Driven: a massive conventional teaching approaches for the incorporation of traditional teaching and learning approaches (Stewart et al., 2009). Wireless computing: devices that use electromagnetic waves rather than land-based wires to carry a communication signal; examples are laptops, clickers, cell phones, iPods, and other such mobile devices, including printers and desktop that operate through wireless signals (Skevakis, 2010, rather than hardware technology. Wireless technology: output tools such as laptops, clickers, cell phones, iPods, and other such mobile devices, including printers and desktop that operate through wireless forms (Skevakis, 2010).

Pilgrimage Toward Social Equality

The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 declaring African’s freedom from slavery and officially making them part of the United States was mandated a century prior to Martin Luther King Jr’s historical speech calling for social justice and abolition of racial discrimination against African Americans. Between the two historical periods, the black communities all over America have suffered subtle and savage forms of discrimination and oppression from the whites. The black community strived to seal their place in society amidst hostility and negative criticisms.One short story that very well illustrates their struggles is Ralph Ellison’s Battle Royal. The story provides a very descriptive narration of a black man’s pilgrimage to overcome oppression from an overly-racist community ruled by the economically-powerful white men and to find his opportunity to shape the destiny of his people. This paper aims to provide a vivid presentation of inhumane and savage oppre ssion that the African Americans encountered in Southern America before gaining their voice and place in American society.Battle Royal was narrated in a first-person perspective with a nameless narrator. He suggests that twenty years back, he has been struggling to find his own identity through other people’s acceptance and affirmation. He further explained that his dilemma for self discovery rooted from his grandfather’s last words on his deathbed, â€Å"Live with your head in the lion’s mouth. I want you to overcome ‘em, with yeses, undermine ‘em with grins, agree ‘em to death and destruction. Let ‘em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open.† (Ellison, 2000, p 935) He calls his grandfather’s lines a â€Å"curse† haunting him whenever he feels accepted as the narrator describes, â€Å"When I was praised for my conduct, I felt a guilt that in some way, I was doing something that was really against the wishes of the white folks, that if they had understood they would have desired me to act just the opposite, that I should have been sulky and mean, and that they really would have been what they wanted, even though they were fooled and thought they wanted me to act as I did.†(Ellison, 936) The narrator’s statement represents his mindset of his actions and attitude toward the white folks. His current partially confused mindset is influenced by his grandfather’s words. In layman’s term, his grandfather’s words can be translated to a call to action to fight a good fight by acting according to the opponent’s will until they take you all in with acceptance until they destruct themselves in their own volition.One such incident where the orator became accepted and triumphant is when he delivered a graduation speech, which he describes by saying, â€Å"On my graduation day I delivered an oration in which I showed that humility was the secret, indeed, the ver y essence of progress. (Not that I believed this — how could I, remembering my grandfather? — I only believed that it worked)† (Ellison 938). His speech received accolades from his professors that he was given the opportunity to deliver it again in a â€Å"gathering of the town’s most leading white citizens†.When he arrived at the venue where he was supposed to deliver his speech, he was informed that before delivering his speech, he needs to join the Battle Royal. The hotel he’s in at that moment was indeed full of economically powerful people all dressed up with their tuxedos, intoxicating themselves with whiskey, and getting themselves a good spot among the chairs neatly lined up along the three corners of the ring. Inside the ring, a pool of black men were lined up blindfolded and were forced to do engage in a violent boxing war against each other.After torturous moments of fighting like headless chickens on the ring, the narrator was abl e to see slightly behind his blindfold. His awareness enabled him to keep a good fight without drawing attention to himself so the white men wouldn’t notice that he’s starting to dodge his hits. In the end of the first round, the narrator remained on the ring together with the biggest boy in the group to fight. While they were fighting it out on the ring, the narrator tried to negotiate with his opponent by scripting the fight and he’ll give him a proportion of the winning pot.His opponent refused and they continued to fight until the narrator was knocked out. Allegorically, the narrator’s unexpected battle before delivering his speech is a symbolic representation of the African American’s years of pains and struggles before they were given the chance to be heard. The battle royal may well represent the fights that black men wage against each other just to gain money, position, and prominence, as is the case of the narrator’s opponent.The co ncept of the fighters blindfolded can be allusion to some of the black men’s blindness of allowing the economically powerful white men to use them as a means of entertainment as if they were freaks of nature. After the first round, the fighters were then called out again for another round of activity where they were attracted to scourge over gold coins and bills scattered in a rug. They urged the fighters to gather the coins for themselves saying it’s all good â€Å"American cash†. In the process, they soon discovered that the rug was electrified.This narration emphasized the white men’s racism through barbaric treatment to the black men, as they treat them like animals. When the show ended, all the participants were paid and the narrator was about to leave the nightmare when the MC called him back to deliver his speech in the congregation of intoxicated people who have earlier gained pleasure through his pains. The narrator proceeded to deliver his Booke r T. Washington inspired speech while trying to conceal his aching physique while gulping down his blood.The narrator described that his audience continued with their incessant chatting and laughter as he delivers his speech and though he was tempted to do something else, the presence of the school superintendent who is still closely listening to him kept him going. In the process of his oration and swallowing his own blood, the narrator accidentally yelled â€Å"social equality†, a phrase had â€Å"often seen denounced in newspaper editorials, heard debated in public. † (Ellison, 940)Upon uttering the word, a deep silenced covered the whole room and the narrator received hostile reactions from his intoxicated audience, until a mustached man asked him upfront what he just said, and he got the chance to correct himself. The interrogator then asked him if he’s not being smart and that social equality was indeed a mistake. The narrator nodded and the man dropped th is statement, â€Å"We mean to do right by you, but you’ve got to know your place at all times. † (Ellison, 944)This man’s powerful statement is a general representation of the white men’s attitude towards racism over the negroes. They are aware of such discrimination, but they gain pleasure in treating them as inferior human beings as it constantly feeds them the feeling of superiority and power. The man’s statement may mean well as to change the narrator’s current status but he commands him to keep his head and mouth in its’ proper place. Upon the end of his speech, he was greeted with applauses as if the entire audience listened with so much enthusiasm to his speech.The school superintendent then came up to the stage to present him with a gift- a scholarship to the State College of Negroes. He then turned to the narrator and addressed him, â€Å"Prize it. Keep developing as you are and someday, it will be filled with important pap ers that will help shape the destiny of your people. † (Ellison, 947) The scholarship the narrator received is a symbol of an opportunity presented to him to â€Å"shape the destiny of his people†. That by going to college, he might become more knowledgeable and able so as to create a better society for his people.The scholarship becomes the first step to his pilgrimage towards social equality. Battle Royal is a very compelling short story that Ralph Ellison eventually made it the first chapter of his greatly-acclaimed novel, the â€Å"Invisible Man†. Every black man in that horrifying period might have been represented by the nameless narrator and all the pain he was inflicted during the Battle Royal is a representation of every black man’s pain and struggle for years.If the readers at that period view it as an allegory to the harsh conditions of the African American people within the American society, it would have been a wakeup call to those who were op pressed to unite and to those oppressors to change the society. References: Ellison, Ralph. â€Å"Battle Royal. † Making Literature Matter. Ed. John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston: Bedford, 2000. Ellison, Ralph Waldo. Invisible Man. New York: Random House, 1952.