Emotion And Disgust As A Moral Emotion Psychology Essay

Emotion And Disgust As A object lessonistic Emotion psychological science EssayThis research ask aims to explain the relationship mingled with encounterings of churn up, clean none of extend toss, and moral judgments, and withal their potential impact on automaticness to compensation for equitable art wares. In our look into, participants watched a video including revolt issues and check to their cleanliness priming they cleaned their passel with a sanitizer, with gain wipe, or no cleaning. In the control prepare, they only answered questions without expecting the motion-picture show. ground on literature review we proposed that in that location is a negative correlation between state of moral cleanliness and their willingness to pay up for wakeless products. If plurality argon overly moral, their willingness to pay decreases or if they feel immoral, their willingness to pay increases for intermediate trade products. The findings were non supporting the idea that cleanliness make moral judgments slight sever and willingness to pay for clear trade products decreases.Keywords emotion, disgust, morality, moral judgment, embodiment embodied cognition, moral licensing, moral cleaning, evenhandedly trade products, willingness to pay.How dirty dog Disgust Feelings Impact on Purchasing Decision of sightly(a) Trade Products?We do our decisions either rational or emotional. Now look at approximately the scene that you atomic number 18 in a store and standing in front of shelves, and you fetch the decent trade labeled product. After coming home, you realize that you bought so many fair trade labeled products. Normally, you do non buy these kinds of products, moreover today was different. Does fair trade labeled product make you feel better? Do you think that you are more respectable now? There might be a significant correlation between your instant emotional state, moral judgments and your decisions. Previous studies demonstrat ed that decision run is cerebrate with emotions. In this paper, we want to study the impact of emotions on decision reservation process. In this research paper, we want to focus on disgust as emotion and its possible association with moral judgments and influence on decision making process. We especially want to focus on economic decisions, because we want to see if it is possible to implement marketing campaigns of fair trade product based on moral judgments related issues.Emotion and Disgust as a Moral EmotionEmotions are crucial some(prenominal) in shaping moral judgment and look and as re follow throughs to morally-relevant behavior. For this reason, there are so many studies addressing emotions (e.g., fear, anger, disgust, etc.). match to the social apprehensionist model of moral reasoning (Haidt, 2001), emotions are the primary driver for shaping moral judgments. This perception is closely in uni haoma line with another(prenominal) study, it emphasizes on quick and au tomatic valuations, in other word intuitive-emotional processes, are critical in the judgment process (Greene Haidt, 2002). People use their emotional feelings as a source of information and interpret their conditions in the environment. According to the state of their feeling (e.g., positive or negative), peoples interpretations show differences when making evaluative judgments. In other words, people usually like when they feel positive and dislike when they feel negative somewhat the home (Schnall, Benton, Harvey 2008). This concept is likely stated in the affect-as-information framework there is a relationship between emotion and cognition (Schwarz Clore, 1983, 1988, as cited in Schall et al, 2008). According to Niedenthal et al. (2005), social information processing involves embodiment, where embodiment refers some(prenominal) to actual bodily states and to simulations of experience in the brains modality-specific systems for perception, action, and introspection (p.184 ). Processes of embodied cognition is both online and offline. While online embodiment uses visible objects, offline embodiment has to do with abstract objects in the surroundings. In battle array to make a meaningful interpretation of symbols, individuals expect a count on the relevant, get-go online embodiment (Niedenthal et al., 2005).Herein, we want to stress on disgust more specifically because it is more related with the focus of our research subject. We often use disgust in a food related concept, but it is also proper for socially immoral people, situations, and behaviors. For instance, a violation of a moral issue regarding to purity has been shown to stimulate disgust feelings (Rozin, Lowery, Imada, Haidt, 1999). Especially, its evolutionary position as a protective emotion, disgust seemed to be a particularly significant emotion concerning moral judgment (Pizarro, Inbar, Helion, 2011). There is also other research addressing the equivalent mechanism of disgust with another remark. According to Rozin, Haidt, and McCauley (2000), the mechanism of disgust has been changed from being a protection of system from harm to being a shield for the intellect in case of harm. At this level, disgust becomes moral sensation and powerful form of negative socialization. Several studies underlined that pure disgust and moral disgust not only create a similar impact in body, i.e., face expression and physiological activation (Rozin, Lowery, Ebert, 1994 as cited in Zhong Liljenquist, 2006) but also have a place in particularly same brain areas, essentially in the frontal and temporal lobes (Moll et al., 2005, as cited in Zhong Liljenquist, 2006).In order to translate the moral judgment mechanism, we should look at a bit closer the social intuitionist model. According to this model, people usually make their moral judgments fit in to their feelings (Haidt, 2001). For instance, previous studies showed that moral disgust has immediate impact on judgments and make moral judgments more severe (Schnall et al., 2008 Wheatley Haidt, 2005). Social intuitionist model proposes that moral judgments are shaped by various factors including intuition and instinct, and hardly because of a cognitive process. In other words, intuitions and emotions do not require effort, and they are instant and that we are not aware of the process consciously. Intuition with reasoning is purposeful, conscious, and to have need for several steps. Moreover, emotional state may play a role, but they do not affect the moral judgment in a straight line. The roles of moral reasoning might be looking for a reason to have got own instant instinctive responses, using logic to share judgments with others and influence them to agree, and counting on reasoning in case of no initial intuition or conflict situation in intuitions(Haidt, 2001).In their study, Schall et al., (2008) stated that disgust feelings can be conveyed to objects for which they are not related. This shows t hat judgments are under the effect of disgust emotions even it is not interrelated with the situation or object. For instance, Lerner, Small, and Loewenstein (2004) investigated the relationship between emotions and their impacts on endowment effect. They showed that induced disgust emotion by former, unrelated situation had carry-over-effect to normatively independent financial decisions. As a result of inducing disgust when it compared with being in a neutral mood reduced the capital descend that participants were willing to pay for certain objects and endowment. Additionally, the research results of Schall and colleagues (2008) point out a causative relationship between physical disgust feelings and moral criticism. In their experiment, participants make their moral decisions temporary hookup going through extraneous feelings of disgust. Manipulation of disgust performed by a bad smell, working in a queasy room, recalling disgusting experience, and watching a disgusting video clip. In common, the results paint a pictured that disgust causes to moral judgments more severe when it compared to the control condition. More specifically, the participants who were exposed to the un gratifying smell had more severe in their judgments. Additionally, people who showed a high level of body consciousness were more severe in their moral judgments.Cleanliness and Moral JudgmentsThe consideration of cleanliness helps to form a key moral judgment that developed from the need to protection from possibly hazardous real(a)s (Haidt Joseph, 2008, as cited in Schnall et al., 2008). Investigation of the relationship between physical cleansing and moral judgments by (Schall et al., 2008) helped out to understand the importance of cleanliness over moral judgments. They ascertained that, after washing their hands with cleanser and water participants can reduce their moral judgment severity of video clip including disgust issues. Based on this finding, they clutchd that physic al cleansing can reduce feelings of disgust and the severity of the moral judgments.With similar viewpoint Zhong and Liljenquist (2006) conducted a study in order to investigate an interchangeability relationship between physical and moral purity, to cat it in a different way, physical cleansing acts as a substitute for moral purification. They asked participants to recall a moral or immoral action from their past, as a result of an immoral action came up with more words with cleaning related than those who remembered a moral act. Afterwards, they examined whether a hidden report to moral cleanliness creates a psychological desire for cleaning they observed that copying the immoral story amplified the interest of cleansing products. In their next experiment, the possibility of winning an antiseptic cleansing wipe after remembering a moral or immoral act. Not surprisingly, most of the participants who recalled an immoral act took the disinfectant wipes as a gift. In the last exper iment, participants described an immoral act from their past. After that, they either cleansed their hands with an antiseptic wipe or not. They finished a eyeshot regarding with their current emotional state before ask to participants if they would be eager to help for a different research study without pay. Participants, who had preferred to clean their hands, were less willing to be a volunteer to help. The possibility of expressing feeling of guilt, regret, shame or discomfort was eliminated with cleaning. According to the findings we can conclude that physical cleansing repairs moral self-image. The desire for cleaning is a human coping mechanism, which has changed to reduce feelings of guilt when we act unethically.In a different paradigm, to figure out the importance of feel on behaviors Holland, Hendriks, and Aarts (2005) conducted a study. The result of the research demonstrated that scent can have non-conscious influence on both thought and behavior and makes participant s more in the raw to moral-related words. In addition, pleasing fragrances activate and expose positive memories, information and moods, which leads to increased ease of access of information, and information processing depth. On the other hand, their study did not clearly address the role of odor in moral judgments and moral cleansing. The research study by Liljenquist, Zhong, and Galinsky (2010) also demonstrated that clean smell both motivates clean behavior and increases moral behaviors such as mutual trust as well as proposing help for charity.Moral Licensing and Moral CleaningResearchers caravan inn and Dhar (2006) describe the phenomena of moral licensing as an unconscious effect that provides a moral enhancement in oneself self-image. They point out the significance importance of prior choices in activating and improving oneself self-image. It helps us to understand the preference mechanism of human among the set of alternatives. In addition, results of the research demons trate that a primary altruistic use enhancing the relevant self-concept can free a person to pick a more indulgent possibility. It is an valuable outcome for understanding the influence of priming on a self-concept for the next choices. According to this research results (Merritt et al., 2010) moral licensing is not only decrease prosocial enthusiasm, but also less inhibit ethically doubtful behavior. The study conducted by Sachdeva, Iliev, and Medin (2009) also demonstrated compensatory and regulatory behavior of people. It suggests that with high moral self-worth people can behave immorally. Also, people can show opposite behavior in other area of their life because their ample self-image in some way forces them to balance out all that goodness. In other words, we adjust our sense of self-worth by doing moral self-regulation continuously. For example, when we think that were too moral, we feel that we have the right to be immoral for a moment. On the other hand, if we think that we act immoral, we feel necessity for doing something moral to feel better again about ourselves. This type of reactions can be thought of as moral licensing. Principally, thinking of positive behaviors increases ones self-worth while negative behaviors decrease it. In the experiment, conducted by Sachdeva et al. (2009), participants thought that they took part in a handwriting test. All experimentations involved positive traits and negative traits behaviors condition. By asking participants to think of both positive and negative behaviors connected with them, they manipulated participants degree of self-worth, and they also were asked if they have a desire for contributing for a charity with money on hand. Participants who had higher(prenominal) self-worth donated low amount of money to charities than participants with lower positive self-image. They observed that priming people with positive and negative deeds strongly affected ethical behavior. Participants, who wrote about their moral behavior, donated the lowest amount, while participants who wrote about immoral behavior donated highest amount. Dissimilarity, participants, who were in the negative condition and wrote about their immoral story, gave more than those who wrote a unethical story about others. Participants showed a need for the moral-cleansing or moral-licensing only when they wrote about themselves. To put it in a different way, changes in self-concept would take place when participants think about themselves, rather than thinking about another person. In short, talking about themselves activated the occurrence of the moral-cleansing and moral-licensing effects on people. Merritt et al. (2010) claim that when individuals have had a chance to establish their kindness, generosity, or compassion, they should worry less about engaging in behaviors that might appear to violate prosocial norms (p.346) and behaviors that establish ones morality can disinhibit people to act in morally dubious ways (p .354). Sachdeva et al. (2009) said If people feel too moral they might not have sufficient inducement to engage in moral action because prosocial behavior is inherently costly to the individual (p.524).The other research study (Jordan, Mullen, and Murnighan, 2009, as cited in Merritt et al., 2010) found similar outcomes using prosocial intentions as a dependent measure. After asking participants to describe their past activity in terms of their ethical, unethical and neutral themes, they indicated the probability of their day of the month in each of numerous prosocial activities (i.e., money donations, giving blood, and volunteering). Participants who remembered their ethical act stated less prosocial intentions than the control group, representative of moral licensing while prosocial intentions of participants, who recalled a their unethical act, were higher than the control group. This performance referred as a moral cleansing. In the second experiment, they asked participants i f they would cheat on a math exam. Participants, who recalled a past good action, were most probable to cheat than people who recalled a past immoral action.Horberg and colleagues (2009), propose that disgust can polarize moral judgments, leading people to approximate other people and their behaviors as more morally negative when the behaviors or people are themselves objectively negative, and more morally positive or worthy when the behaviors or people are themselves objectively positive.HypothesesAs we discussed in the previously, cleansing has a significant effect on moral judgments in other words, making them less harsh and we make our decision according to these instant emotions. We also know that disgust induced emotions effect can be carried over to befuddled economic decisions. Economic decisions show differences according to persons moral self-worth need (moral cleansing and moral licensing). Based on this logic, we set hypotheses as followingThe first possibility state d that participants in the sanitizer condition will be less willing to choice for fair trade product when it compared to those in the movie condition.The second possible action stated that participants in the sanitizer condition will be less willing to pay for fair trade and incessant products when it compared to participants in the movie condition.The third guessing stated that participants in the sanitizer condition will be less severe in their moral judgment for moral dilemmas when it compared to participants in the movie conditionIn this present research we measure the effect of cleanliness on moral judgments and economic decision by constructing dependent variables willingness to pay (to what degree that participants willing to pay for fair trade and systematic products), product choice questionnaire (to what degree that participants postulate fair trade products), moral dilemmas (to what degree that participants moral judgments are affected by cleanliness priming), and coffee sheet (to what degree that participants choose fair trade chocolate). We defined four dependent variables according to their possible relationship with moral judgments by sourcing former studies. modeParticipantsIn total 149 (71 male, 78 female, M age= 24.32, SD=4.67) undergraduate students, a great majority of them were studying in the University of Bern, participated in the experiment individually. Participants of the study were recruited at the UniS cafeteria at the University of Bern. They were asked if they would like to participate in the short experiment attempting to investigate the consumer behavior. They were also told that they would get 3 Swiss Franc for their participation.Research DesignThe experiment was designed as a combination of between and within subject design. It employed 4 cleanliness (sanitizer, hand wipe, movie and control) x 2 product categories (fair trade and movie) in a mixed factorial design. In the experiment, independent variables (short video, hand cleansing and hand wipe) were manipulated between subjects and dependent variables (product choice and willingness to pay (WTP)) were manipulated within subjects (regular and fair trade products).By combining different independent variables with each other, we defined four different conditions. These conditions were the video-hand sanitizer condition, the video-hand wipe condition, the video clip condition and the control condition. The control condition was apply for manipulation check.MaterialsIndependent proteansA Short Video- Ninety seconds scene from the film Trainspotting that was presented to stimulate in disgust (Schall et al., 2008), was used to show the participants in the related conditions.Hand sanitizer (branded as Nexcare) an alcohol-based disinfection gel It works in 30 seconds and 99.9% protection against bacteria, fungi and viruses.Hand wipes (branded as Coop Fresh Clean)- for gentle cleaning and pleasant refreshment.Product Evaluation Questionnaire- By us ing a 5-point Likert-type exfoliation from 1 (very bad) to 5 (very good), participants were asked to evaluate the related product which they were given to use (hand sanitizer or hand wipe). The questions asked were How well did the hand sanitizer / hand wipe clean your hands?, How clean do your hands feel after the using hand sanitizer gel/ hand wipe?, How pleasant was the usage of the hand sanitizer gel/ hand wipe?Dependent VariablesWillingness to Pay (WTP) Questionnaire- Participants were asked to define their price level for the 8 different regular and the 8 fair trade product types. Products were banana, chocolate, oranges, pineapple, ice cream, coffee, gummy bears and rice. Participants were given 15 different prices with the reference price (market price) in the middle of the price scale. outgrowth for prices in the scale was +/- 10% of the reference price.Product Choice Questionnaire- Once finished the part related to willingness to pay, participants were asked to indicate that how often (scaled as 0 to 10 purchases) they would buy the fair trade products. In this part, same 8 product kinds used similarly in the WTP Part.Moral dilemmas- Directly after completing the product choice part, participants continued with rating five moral dilemmas (Schall, Haidt, Clore Cordan, 2008). Short stories were used to associate whether disgust related scenarios would be judged more severely than scenarios involving no disgust. Participants indicated their judgments about how wrong each of five moral dilemmas by using the 9-point Likert-type scales from 0 (perfectly OK) to 9 (extremely wrong). The rating scale label was reversed to simplify the interpretation of results, with higher ratings indicating higher levels of moral disapproval. We assumed that two out of five of these vignettes involved a moral violation with disgust Dog (a man who ate his slain dog), Plane Crash (starving survivors of a plane crash consider cannibalism). The rest of vignettes involved a m oral violation with no disgust Wallet (finding a wallet and not returning it to its owner), Resume (a person falsifying his resume) and Trolley (preventing the death of five men by killing one man). The instructions told participants to go with their initial intuitions when responding.Chocolate sheet- It was including 12 different types of chocolate types with pictures (6 regular and 6 fair trade products). Participants were asked to choose 5 chocolates in total without limitation.Control Variable one-on-one Body Consciousness Questionnaire- After finished the moral judgment vignettes, participants completed the Private Body Consciousness Questionnaire (Miller et al., 1981), which contained five items. Participants used a 6-point Likert-type scale from 1 (disagree strongly) to 6 (agree strongly). The items used were I am sensitive to internal bodily tensions, I know immediately when my mouth or throat gets dry, I can often feel my heart beating, I am quick to sense the hunger contra ctions of my stomach, and I am very aware of changes in my body temperature.ProcedureWhen the participant arrived to the PC room, first it was asked to sign a consent form. After participants had signed the form, it was showed to a sit at the computer desk which was isolated from other computer desks with a cabin in order to prevent disturbing the participant by others during the experiment. Before each participant entered to the PC laboratory, the room was air out in order to be sure there had been no smell from the sanitizer or the hand wipe as a result of the previous experiment session. First, participants were told to wear the headphone when they were watching the video. In the video-sanitizer condition, participants watched a short video which was previously mentioned in the material section and then they were given a hand cleansing to clean their hand for 30 seconds. The next part of the experiment was framed as product rating and participants answered the product evaluatio n questionnaire which was mentioned in the material section. In the video-hand wipe condition, participants followed same steps like in the video- hand sanitizer condition. However, they were given hand wipe to clean their hand and asked to make the product evaluation based on hand wipe with the same questions.In the video clip condition, participants watched only the video clip and continued to do the experiment with a willingness to pay part. For the control condition, participants directly started to do the experiment from the willingness to pay part. From the point of willingness to pay questionnaire, all participants of all conditions followed the same path until the end of the experiment. In the first part of the willingness to pay, participants were asked to define their price over eight different regular products (banana, chocolate, oranges, pineapple, ice cream, coffee, gummy bears and rice). Same procedure was repeated for the fair trade products. Afterwards, participants were asked to indicate that how often (out of 10 purchases) they would buy the fair trade products with product choice part. In the product choice part, the same eight product types were used also in the willingness to pay part. After completing this part participants rated five moral dilemmas. Immediately after the priming task, participants finished the experiment by completing the Private Body Consciousness Questionnaire.After participants had finished the experiment, they were given a chocolate sheet (including six regular and six fair trade chocolate kinds with pictures) and asked to choose 5 chocolates in total out of 12 different kinds of chocolate. The number of fair trade choice was noted down.At the end of the experiment, participants were remunerated with 3 Swiss Franc for their participation and asked to sign the receipt of reward to confirm the payment. They also got the chocolates which they chose as a part of the experiment.ResultsChoice of Fair Trade ProductsIn order to test whether the cleanliness priming had an impact on the choice of fair trade products at the end of the experiment, we analyzed results by independent t- test with the priming (movie vs. sanitizer) as a factor. The result of group statistics indicated the choice of fair trade product in sanitizing condition (M = 4.61, SD=2.21) and the movie condition (M=4.15, SD=1.87). To make a valid resultant from this result, we looked at the results of t-test for independent samples (t (78) =0.98, p =0.32). Significance level indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the choice of fair trade products for sanitizer and movie conditions. By looking at this result, we summarize that cleanliness priming did not show any influence over the fair-trade product choice.WTP for Fair Trade Regular ProductsIn order to investigate the impact of the cleanliness priming (movie and sanitizer) over willingness to pay for fair trade and regular products, results were analyze d by ANOVA. The results were in the same way with hypothesis. WTP for fair trade products was higher in movie condition when it compared to the sanitizer condition. In a 2 (willingness to pay for fair trade and regular products) x 2 (sanitizer and movie conditions) mixed factorial analysis of variance the interaction was significant, F (1, 78) = 6.54, p = 0.012. We can say that there was a significant interaction between willingness to pay and conditions. Also looking at the significance value of WTP in tests of within subject contrasts (F (1) = 132.4, p = 0.000) shows us that there was a significance difference WTP of fair trade and WTP of regular products. Participants were more willing to pay more for fair trade products when it compared to regular products (Figure 1).Figure 1- Willingness to pay for fair trade and regular products according to sanitizer and movie conditions.In order to analyze if there is a real connection between the condition type and the willingness to pay fo r fair trade and regular products, we carried out independent t-test. According to the result of it, there was no significant difference for willingness to pay for fair trade products between sanitizer (M =8.57, SD =1.87) and movie condition (M = 8.67, SD = 1.87) t (78) =-0.216, p = 0.829. We can interpret this as there was no effect of conditions on participants willingness to pay for fair trade products.On the other hand, there was marginally significant difference between sanitizer (M = 6.92, SD = 1.88) and movie condition (M = 7.61, SD = 1.70) t (78) = -1.71, p = 0.09 for willingness to pay for regular products. We can only say that conditions had an effect on willingness to pay for regular products. Participants were willing to pay more for regular products in movie condition than the sanitizer condition.When we look at the effect of the movie and sanitizer conditions on willingness to pay for fair trade and regular products, we see no significant main effect of conditions (F(1 , 78) = 0.98, p = 0.32).Moral DilemmasWe calculated the average composite ratings for all moral dilemmas as a first step (Figure 2). We assumed that participants who cleaned their hands after watching the disgusting video would make less severe judgments than participants who did not clean their hands. We used an independent-samples t-test to compare the severity of moral judgments in sanitizer and movie conditions. There was a significant difference in the scores for sanitizer condition (M = 6.80, SD=1.49) and movie condition (M = 6.09, SD = 1.13) t (78) = 2.39, p = 0.019. These results indicated that conditions had an impact on moral judgments. Specifically, sanitizing hands had on the effect about making moral judgments more severe than in the movie condition.Cronbachs alpha was calculated as 0.31, which indicated a low level of internal consistency with regards to moral dilemmas. This value showed lower bound for reliability, and moral dilemmas were not measuring the same phenom ena.Figure 2- Average composite ratings for moral dilemmas in the experiment for sanitizer and movie condition.DiscussionThe present study examined the role of cleanliness on moral judgments, more specifically on purchase decision and willingness to pay for fair trade products. We used experimental method in order to have evidence for our predictions, but we observed relatively inconsistent support for our hypotheses. We found that there was no significant difference regarding participants choice of fair trade products in the movie and sanitizer conditions. Consequently, one of our hypotheses about the cleanliness was unsupported. We did not see any influence of cleanliness on moral judgments and more specifically on the choice of fair trade products. On the other hand, it did not mean that our research finding challenges the validity of influence of cleanliness on moral judgments. The concept and identity of fair trade products might have a predetermine effect on the choice of the m. For example, the price of fair trade products is higher than the regular products. Price can be a powerful influence on the decision of fair trade products purchase. We did our study mostly with university students who have low purchasing power and.Second finding of our research was about willingness to pay for fair trade and regular products in terms of two cleanliness conditions (movie and sanitizer). We saw significant interaction between conditions and willingness to pay at first look. When we looked in detail, we saw that there was no effect of condition on wiliness to pay in general.We looked at the results again because at first sight we saw an interaction between conditions and product types. The main aim was to figure out the interaction in individual level both fair trade and regular products. It was obvious that participants were willing to pay more for fair trade products than regular products. We observed that there was no effect of condition on willingness to pay fo r fair trade products. We assume that there were other influences triggering this effect. As we mentioned before, fair trade products have high in price value and this might have bias effec

The San Jose Tech Museum of Innovation :: Technology Tourism Galleries Essays

The San Jose Tech Museum of InnovationLiving in the heart of Silicon Valley, technology plays a very important mathematical function in the everyday lives of the people who populate it. Large portions of this population are children. When we think of our children, we think intimately the proximo of this world. As a group, we believe that our theorize as a society is to introduce technology to children in an enlightening and fascinating manner. By doing this, we can inspire children to become innovators of technology and apply this to the future of technology. The San Jose Tech Museum of Innovation is a place that dedicates itself to introducing technology in a very attractive style. The 132,000 square foot facility houses four permanent themed galleries and all over 250 exhibits (www.thetech.org/about/factsheet.cfm). The museum is also home to The Spirit of American Innovation, an exhibit about the National Medal of Technology, the nations highest honor for technological innovat ion (www.thetech.org/about/factsheet.cfm). Inside, everyone, whether they are children or grandparents, everyone gets to participate in hands-on activities that teach and introduce them to a variety of activities ranging from the beginning steps of web-design, riding and designing an Olympic bobfloat to participating in a virtual heart surgery. With all the wonders that exist in this museum, children have the opportunity to learn about technology in a variety of different forms and are able to discover new insights into technology and the process of innovation through exploratory activities (www.thetech.org/about/mission.cfm.). People of all ages engross in the exploration and experimentation of the technology that affects their everyday lives. Exploring the Tech Museum of Innovation and the activities it presents and offers to children, as well as others, helped us to better understand and learn of the imperative ways in which technology is presented to our youth. In this report we first discuss our rationale and focus, describing the importance of the Tech Museum of Innovation and the connection it makes with the representation of technology, particularly for children. In the second part we identify the research question that we investigated. We then illustrate how we gathered and analyzed our data. Following this, we apply a number of course concepts to special examples in order to answer our research question. Finally, we discuss how the implications of our analysis relate to communication and technology and how our findings support or do support what we have looked at in class.

Equivocation and Double Meanings in Macbeth :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

Equivocation and Double Meanings in Macbeth Shakespe are uses equivocation not to rag but to either get across multiple meanings or to leave dialogue and events in the play open ended. Equivocation stick out be seen with the sirenes and whenever they talk. The witches are themselves a vague set of characters who talk in a puzzling riddle-like manner. For instance when Macbeth goes to see them for the second time they are very vague astir(predicate) predicting his future, intentionally confusing him and making him overly confident. An example of this riddled dialogue goes like this All (three witches) Listen, but speak not tot. Apparition Be lion-mettled, proud, and score no care Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill Shall come against him. Macbeth That will never be Who can impress the forest, bid the tree ... That excerpt shows how the witches twist and play with Macbeths mind an d feelings. By the end of the Apparitions lines, Macbeth is convinced he can not be killed by anyone, and so grows in confidence till seething and almost rupturing with it. It also shows Shakespeares use of equivocation and how, unless certain lines are studied, their true, if vague, meaning cannot be seen or understood. The quoted phrase, upright is foul and foul is fair is used frequently, the phrase itself is an oxymoron. Early in the play the reader sees Macbeth as the hero because he has saved all of Scotland from the Norwegians. Duncan, honor Macbeth, says, More is thy due than more than all can pay. (Act 1, Scene ) Towards the middle of the play the reader suddenly begins to pity Macbeth, slowly realizing his encroaching insanity for what it is, a downward spiral of death and increased mistakes. Finally, at the end of the play, the readers opinion of Macbeth moves more towards hate and a feeling that Macbeth is unmistakably evil. As the second witch said By the pricking o f my thumbs, Something wicked this way comes (-Act 4, Scene 1) Such is Macbeths fair to foul story in a flash. There is also maam Macbeth, Macduff, Malcolm, and Donalbain, and perhaps even Banquo. Each of these characters development follows the fair is foul and foul is fair format.

Atomic Bomb :: essays research papers

Atomic bombs were the first nuclear weapons to be developed, tested, and used. In the late thirties physicists in Europe and the United States realized that the fission of uranium could be used to create an extremely powerful explosive weapon. In rattling(a) 1939, German American physicist Albert Einstein sent a letter to U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt that described this discovery and warned of its potential development by other nations. The U.S. government established the clear up secret Manhattan Project in 1942 to develop an atomic device. The leader of the Manhattan Project was U.S. Army Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves. His team, working in several locations but in large part at Los Alamos, New Mexico, under the direction of American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, designed and built the first atomic bombs.The first atomic explosion was conducted, as a test, at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. The energy released from this explosion was equivalent to that r eleased by the detonation of 20,000 tons of TNT. Near the end of World War II, on August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. It followed with a second bomb against the city of Nagasaki on August 9. harmonize to U.S. estimates, 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed by the Hiroshima bomb, called Little Boy, and about 40,000 by the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, called Fat Man. Japan agreed to Allied terms of surrender on August 14th. These are the only times that a nuclear weapon has been used in a conflict between nations.Fusion bombs, also called hydrogen or thermonuclear bombs, were developed and tested in the early 1950s, but these have never been used in warfare. A thermonuclear device depends on a fission reaction to produce extreme heat that causes hydrogen isotopes of deuterium and tritium to come together, or fuse, but the main energy source for thermonuclear devices comes from the confederation reaction, not the triggering fi ssion reaction. For more information on this type of bomb, see Hydrogen Bomb.

Can God Love a Good Gay Guy? Essay example -- Homosexuality Religion E

Can God Love a Good Gay Guy?To begin my project, Ill perpetrate you some of my background, so you can understand why the topic of Christianity and homosexuality is so relevant to me. I have been fortunate to be raised Christian with many family members who are regularly active within the church building. We are members of the Fairland Brethren in Christ Church in Cleona. I have always felt really welcomed and loved by that Christian body, even during my younger years when I was dorky and rejected by many of my peers. I found comfort in the concomitant that God loved me and the congregation offered their care and support. Since then I have also complete that our congregation is one of the more open, outgoing, thoughtful, creative, and helpful in the area.Because our church is so ambitious and outgoing, I was given many opportunities to aid in events. God has given me great artistic and design talent. I have apply this gift for years to give back to the church and across the commun ity, through doing sets for church plays, decorations for banquets, signs for festivals, creating holiday displays, and designing and constructing scenery /decorations for main events, such as holiday Bible School. I am extremely grateful to have been blessed with this wonderful background in religious beliefs. I will always treat to use them as guidance in my life and towards my path of spiritual growth. It was in sixth grade, with the onset of puberty and fluctuating hormones that I first realized I was attracted to the same sex, even then, I wasnt aware that it was an option. It simply wasnt discussed, beyond the yearly its-wrong/ gays go to Hell speech given in church. I didnt pick out to be gay, as a thief chooses to steal, I simply am gay, and have no ... ...Oct. 2004. <http//www.inthefaith.com/archives/00084.phpJohns, Loren L. Homosexuality and the Bible. 19 Oct. 2004. <http//hem.passagen.se/nicb/christ.htmLeviticus 1822 and 2013. Gentle Shepherd Metropolitan Comm unity Church. 21 Oct. 2004. http//www.gentleshepherdmcc.com/bible/index.phpSklar, Bill. 1 Corinthians 69-10, 1 Timothy 110. Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Catholic Handbook. 21 Oct. 2004. <http//www.otkenyer.hu/halsall/lgbh-cortim.htmlThe Random House Dictionary of the English Lanquage. New York Random House, Inc. 1966.Robinson, B.A. What the Bible Says About Homosexuality. 19 Oct. 2004. <http//www.religioustolerance.org/hom_bibh.htmWink, Rev. Dr. Walter. The Bible Should Not Be Used to Condemn Homosexuality. 19 Oct. 2004. <http//hem.passagen.se/nicb/christ.htm

Homosexual Undertones in the Movie, Bride of Frankenstein :: Movie Film Essays

Homosexual Undertones in the Movie, Bride of FrankensteinJames Whale re grows the original horror of Frankenstein with his sequel Bride of Frankenstein, in which Henry Frankenstein once again tries to play God with the addition of an Eve to his already thriving Adam. Henry Frankenstein...may attempt to reverse the Original Sin and get in the community by acquiescing to the horror clich that there are things we are non meant to know--except that his initial hubristic motive was not just to figure out eternity but to create life without the help of any Eve (he wants to be as God in a double sense), and when in the sequel he manages to get married it is a incontestable bet that some Dr. Praetorius will force him into an all-male effort to create a bride for the monster (Kawin 683). Unfortunately, the creation of Eve does not necessarily mean that her heart will perish to Adam. When the female monster first lays eyes on daimon, she lets out a blood-curdling scream. Thus, showing tha t love cannot be created, just like a person should not be created out of the dead. The only successful loving relationship of the film is between Monster and the blind hermit, which is viewed as a satire against heterosexual family value by critics. It is a satire because the heterosexual relationships in the film fail. For example, the relationship between Henry Frankenstein and his bride is doomed because of the kidnapping and blackmailing, which is destined to ruin even the most solid relationship. Also, the relationship between the male and female monsters is not meant to be because the female monster will not stop screaming, thus making Monster set fire to the laboratory causing their deaths. Thus, the only relationship that thrives is between the two loners. The relationship only thrives until hostelry discovers them and deems their friendship unnerving, which parallels the way in which society viewed, and in some ways still views,

As I Lay Dying: The Love Of Family :: essays research papers

Ah, love. Love is so often a theme in many a well-read novel. In the story, As I Lay Dying, one very important underlying theme is not simply love, but the power to love. some(a) of the characters have this ability some can only talk about it. Perhaps more than anyone, Addie and gemstone have this power- one which Jewel, by saving his set out twice, merges with his power to act. As the Bible would have it, he does "not love in word, neither in tongue but in deed and in truth" (1 John 318).Jewel, Addies son by Whitfield, is 18 years old. Like Pearl, the product of Hester Prynnes adulterous affair in Nathaniel Hawthornes novel The Scarlet Letter, Jewels piss is a symbol of the value his mother places on him. The favoritism that Addie showed him is responsible for the antagonism between him and Darl. Jewel personifies Addies preference for experience over words. He is ceaselessly in motion. He expresses himself best by dint of actions. When he verbalizes his love for Addie - in his single monologue- he does so with a violent fantasy about cast down stones on outsiders. Elsewhere, he expresses his love for her through deeds, not words.While Addie lies dying on her corn-shuck mattress, Darl convinces Jewel to take a trip with him to pick up a load of lumber. Darl knows that Jewel is Addies favorite child. The trip for lumber is a contrivance- Darls way of keeping Jewel from his mothers bedside when she dies. A wheel breaks on the wagon, and before Darl and Jewel can replace it, bring the wagon home, and load Addies body onto it for the trip to Jefferson, three days have passed. By this time, heavy rains have flooded the Yoknapatawpha River and serve out all the bridges that cross it. The river is vicious, and the Bundrens mules drown. The wagon tips over, and. Jewel, on horseback, manages to keep the wagon and its load from drifting downstream, saving his mothers decomposing body. When the family finally makes it through the ordeal, they spend the nig ht at the Gillespies farm. Darl sets fire to the barn where Addies body is stored in an effort to spare his mother. However, Jewel once again saves her coffin with a epic act.