Endocrine System Communication

endocrine gland System CommunicationExplain the importance of intercellular communication and describe the mechanism involved.intercellular communication is meaning(a) because it assist the nervous outline to elongatethe long- consideration motion of growth, victimization, or re deed. The internal secretion systemuses chemical messengers to relay in brass and instruction manual in the midst of cells. One of themechanisms involved in intercellular communication is know as direct communicationthis communication is r atomic number 18 but is important when it occurs. This is when 2 cells of thesame type and the cells must be in extensive physical contact. The cells argon so close theyfunction as one. The majority of the communication is cognize as paracrinecommunication which is where the cell continuously exchanges chemical messagesbetween each other so they atomic number 18 in sink with one another.Comp ar and argument the modes of intercellular communication used by the end ocrine and nervous systems and discuss the functional significance of the differences between the two systems.The nervous system performs short term crisis management and the endocrine systemregulates long-term, ongoing metabolic processes. The endocrine system uses endocrinecommunication which helps regulate endocrines through the circulatory system and thenervous system dose not have the capability to do this. Another significant difference issynaptic communication, the nervous system uses this form of communication of neuronsto release neurotransmitter at a synapse very close to a target cell that bears the rightreceptors. This form of communication allows the body to react quickly to situations toescape from harm.Explain the customary mechanisms of hormonal action and identify which endocrine types work through each mechanisms.A hormone receptor is a protein atom to which a particular molecule bindsstrongly. Each cell has receptors for responding to several several(predicat e) hormones,but cells in different tissues have different combinations of receptors. For everycell, the presence or absence of a special(prenominal) receptor determines the cells hormonalsensitivities. Hormone receptors are located either on the cell membrane or inside thecell. The mechanisms of hormonal action are that receptors for catecholamines, peptidehormones and eicosanoids are in the cell membrane of target cells. Thyroid and steroidhormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus,activating or inactivating specific genes.Describe the correspond of endocrine organs.The endocrine organs are controlled by three mechanisms of the hypothalamic control.One is the secretion of regulatory hormones to control natural action of anterior lobe of pituitary gland secretor. Two the production of ADH and oxytocin. And finally is the control ofsympathetic output to adrenal light bulbe.Explain the structural and functional relationship between the pitu itary gland and the hypothalamus.The pituitary gland releases nine important peptide hormones that all bind to themembrane receptors and use cyclic-AMP as a second messenger. The pituitary glandhangs inferior to the hypothalamus which all the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland tohelp in the function of the hypophyseal portal system. By the hypothalamus secretingspecific regulatory hormones it controls the production of hormones in the anterior lobe.This whole system works to secret hormones from the hypothalamus through the pituitarygland in a network of capillaries that are connected. All this ensures that all thehypothalamic hormones inscribeing the portal vessels leave behind reach the target cells in theanterior lobe of the pituitary gland before entering general circulation. Predict how alternations in hormone production, delivery, or reception by target tissues would affect its action and blood concentration levels.Describe the factors that could determine a cells hormonal sensitivity.Cells sensitivity is determined by two factors down-regulation and up-regulation. Downregulation is a process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in thenumber of hormone receptors. This process is when levels of particular hormones arehigh, cells become less sensitive to it. Up-regulation is a process in which the absence ofa hormone triggers an summation in the number of hormone receptors. In this process thelevels of a particular hormone are low, cells become to a greater extent sensitive to it. draw the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and specify the functions of those hormones.The anterior lobe produces seven hormonesThyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the thyroid gland and triggers the release ofthyroid hormones. As circulation concentrations of thyroid hormones rise, the assess ofTRH and TSH production decline.adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) holds the release of steroid hormones by theadr enal cortex and targets cells that produce glucocorticoids.Gonadotropins regulate the activities of the gonads.Follicle-stimulating hormone (follicle-stimulating hormone) levys follicle victimization in fe manlys and, incombination with luteinizing hormone, stimulates the secretion if oestrogen by ovariancells. In males, FSH stimulates sustentacular cells, specialized cells in the tubules wheresperm differentiate.Luteinizing hormone (LH) induces ovulation, the production of reproductive cell infemales. Also promotes the secretion, by the ovaries, of estrogen and the progestin, whichprepare the body for pregnancy. In male hormone is sometimes called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), because it stimulates the production of provoke hormones by theinterstitial cells of the testes.lactogenic hormone (PRL) works with other hormones to stimulate mammary gland development.Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating the rate ofprotein synthesis.T he posterior lobe produces two hormones antidiuretic drug hormone (ADH) is released in response to a variety of stimuli, most notablya rise in the solute concentration in the blood or a fall in blood volume or blood pressure.A rise in the solute concentration stimulates specialized hypothalamic neurons.Oxytocin (OT) stimulates smooth muscles muscular contraction in the wall of the uterus, promotinglabor and delivery. After delivery this hormones stimulates the contraction ofmyoepithelial cells around the secretory alveoli and the ducts of the mammary gland,promoting the ejection of milk. discourseion the results of abnormal levels of pituitary hormonesAbnormal levels of pituitary hormones can have a cast and complex impact on thegrowth, fertility, and function on the human body via the effect of the hormones on theirtarget organs. Diseases anywhere from asthma to growth problems can occur.Identify the hormones produced by the thyroid gland, specify the functions of those hormones, and discuss the causes and results of abnormal levels of thyroid hormones.The thyroid gland produces thyroglobulin, tyrosine, and thyroxine. The functions of thesehormones areThyroid hormones enter target cells by means of an energy dependent transport system and they affect almost every cell in the body.Thyroid hormones bound to cytoplasmatic receptors are held in storage untilintracellular levels of thyroid hormone decline. Thyroid hormones bound tomitochondria increase ATP production. Thyroid hormones bound to receptors inthe nucleus activates genes that control energy utilization.The calorigenic effect the cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation.In growing children, thyroid hormones are essential to normal development of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.The thyroid gland is primarily responsible for a strong, immediate, and short-lived increase in the rate of cellular metabolism.The major factor controlling the rate of thyroid hormone release is the concentration of TSH in the circulating blood. The causes of abnormal levels of thyroid hormones can create an iodide deficiencybecause in the U.S. we consume more than they daily amount needed. Thyroid hormoneproduction declines, regardless of the circulating levels of TSH.Describe the functions of the parathyroid hormones, and the effect of abnormal functions of each hormone.Parathyroid hormone has tetrad major effects1. It stimulates osteoclasts, accelerating mineral turnover and the release ofCa2+ from bone.2. It inhibits osteoblasts, reducing the rate of calcium deposition in bone.3. It enhances the re density of Ca2+ at the kidneys, reducing urinarylosses.4. It stimulates the fundamental law and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. Theeffects of calcitriol complement or enhance those of PTH, but one majoreffect of calcitriol is the enhancement of Ca2+ and PO43- absorption by thedigestive tract.The parathyroid glands, aided by calcitriol, are the primary regulator s of bloodcalcium I levels in healthy adults. When the parathyroid calcium levels become abnormalthere are two disorders that can occur. Hypoparathyroidism the gland secretes lowcalcium concentrations in body fluid. Hyperparathyroidism is when calciumconcentrations become abnormally high.Identify the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and medulla and specify the functions of each hormoneThe adrenal cortex secrets the hormones adrenocortical, mineralocorticoids,glucocorticoids and androgens. The adrenocortical steroids or corticosteroids are vital ifthe adrenal glands are destroyed or removed, the individual will die unless corticosteroidsare administered. Mineralocorticoids increase renal reabsorption of Na+ and water whichaccelerates urinary loss of potassium. Glucocorticoids release amino acids from skeletalmuscles and lipids from adipose tissue promote liver formation of glucose and glycogenpromotes peripheral utilization of lipids anti-inflammatory effects. Androgens are no timportant in men encourages bone growth, muscle growth, and blood formation inchildren and women. The adrenal medulla secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine. Thesehormones increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucoselevels releases lipids by adipose tissue. Also this is where the fight or shoot syndrome issparked.Discuss the results of abnormal levels of adrenal hormone productionWhen the adrenal hormone becomes abnormal it produces several different disorders.The first is hypoaldosteronism the zona glomerulosa fails to produce enoughaldosterone, loosely either as an early sign of adrenal insufficiency or because thekidneys are not releasing adequate amounts of rein. A rare but full disorder can occurcalled Addisons disease which results from inadequate stimulations of the zonafasciculata by the pituitary hormone ACTH or, more commonly, from the inability of theadrenal cells to synthesize the unavoidable hormones, generally from adrenal cell lossc aused by autoimmune problems. Another disease is Cushings disease which resultsfrom overproduction of glucocorticoids. There is another aspect of abnormal productionof adrenal hormones that affects men and womens sexual characteristics calledadrenogenital syndrome. In women, this condition leads to the gradual development ofmale secondary sex characteristics, including body and facial hair patters. In male tocauses an increase of estrogen resulting in larger breast tissue or other female secondarysex characteristics. Last but not to the lowest degree(prenominal) there is a disorder of the adrenal medulla calledpheochromocytoma which is an overproduction of epinephrine that causes a tumor thatproduces catecholamines in massive quantities.Describe the functions of the hormones produced by the pineal gland.It contains pinealocytes, which synthesize the hormone melatonin. The suggestedfunctions of the pineal gland is that it inhibits reproductive functions, protects againstdamage by f ree radicals, and sets circadian rhythms.Identify the hormones produced by the pancreas and specify the functions of those hormones.The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine cells. Cells of the endocrinepancreas form clusters called pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). The pancreatic isletsrelease insulin and glucagons. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise, and itstimulates glucose transport into and utilization by, peripheral tissues. Glucagon isreleased when blood glucose levels decline, and it stimulates glycogen breakdown,glucose synthesis and fatty acid release.Discuss the results of abnormal levels of pancreatic hormone production.When the pancreatic hormones produce abnormal levels of insulin and glucose it causesan individual to be diabetic. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by glucose concentrationthat is high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the kidneys. Glucoseappears in the urine, and urine production generally becomes exce ssive.Describe the functions of the hormones produced by the kidneys, heart, thymus, testes, ovaries, and adipose tissue.Control of the heart, kidneys, thymus, gonads, and adipose tissue. The kidneys releaseerythropoietin and calcitriol into the red bone marrow, intestinal lining, bone andkidneys. All of the hormones releases are to stimulate red blood cell production andcalcium and phosphate absorption and it also stimulates calcium ions from bone inhibitsPTH secretion. The heart controls the hormones natriuretic that targets the kidneys,hypothalamus and adrenal gland. These hormones increase water and salt loss atkidneys decrease thirst and suppress secretion of ADH and aldosterone. The adiposetissue contain two hormones that support to different functions, first is leptin whichtargets the hypothalamus for suppression of appetite permissive effects on GnRH andgonadotropin synthesis. Second is resistin that targets cell throughout the body thatsuppresses insulin response. Last but not least are the gonads with the hormonesandrogens, inhibin, estrogen and progestin. All these hormones are targeted by thepituitary glands to support the reproductive organs in males and females.In males the interstitial cells of the testes produce androgens. Testosterone is the mostimportant sex hormone in males. Sustentacular cells in the testes support thedifferentiation and physical maturation of sperm. Under FSH stimulation, these cellssecrete the hormone inhibin, which inhibits the secretion of FSH at the anterior lobe.The female body develops oocytes in the follicles follicle cells produce estrogens,especially estradiol. After ovulation, the remaining follicle cells reorganize into a corpusluteum. Those cells release a mixing of estrogens and progestins, especiallyprogesterone.Explain how hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses.Hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses in four ways1. antagonistic (opposing) effects2. synergis tic (additive) effects3. permissive effects, in which one hormone is necessary for another toproduce its effect4. integrative effects, in which hormones produce different, butcomplementary, resultsIdentify the hormones that are especially important to normal growth, and discuss their roles.There are several hormones that are important for normal growth GH, insulin, PTH,calcitriol, reproductive and thyroid hormones. The circulation concentrations of thesehormones are regulated independently. Changes produce unique individual growthpatterns.Growth Hormone (GH) effects are most apparent in children where GH supportsmuscular and skeletal development. In adults GH assists in the maintenance ofnormal blood glucose concentrations and in the mobilization of lipid reserves.Thyroid hormones if these hormones are absent during fetal development or forthe first social class after birth, the nervous system will fail to develop normally andmental retardation will result. If T4 concentrations dec line before puberty, normalskeletal development will not continue.Insulin without insulin the passage of glucose and amino acids across cellmembranes will be drastically reduced or eliminated.Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitriol promote the absorption of calciumsalts for subsequent deposition in bone. Without adequate levels of bothhormones, bones will be weak and flexible.Reproductive Hormones the sex hormones (androgens in males, estrogens infemales) stimulate cell growth and differentiation in their target tissues.Differential growth induced by each hormone accounts for gender-relateddifferences in skeletal proportions and secondary sex characteristics.Define the general adaptation syndrome.Any condition that threatens homeostasis is a stress.Our bodies respond to a variety of stress-causing factors through the generaladaptation syndrome ( accelerator pedal), or stress response.The GAS can be divided into three phasesthe alarm phasethe resistance phasethe exhaustion phaseRefe rence pageS.Schaffer. Chapter 18. The endocrine system. Retrieved January 20, 2008 fromhttp//www.harford.edu/faculty/SSchaeffer/Endocrine%20Outline.docMartini. Chapter 18. The endocrine system. Retrieved January 20, 2008 fromhttp//www.miramar.sdccd.cc.ca.us/faculty/kpetti/Bio160/Martini7DetailLectOutlines/18-Detailed_Lect_Out_LO.pdf.pdf