Give an account of Jonathan Swift's citique of the'moderns' especially Essay

Give an account of Jonathan Swifts citique of themoderns especially as it is expressed in hisTale of a Tub (Sect.IX) and Gullivers Travels (Bks trine & IV) - Essay ExampleHis satire has intensity and virulence which upset not only his intended targets but till today haunts critics who have at time simply ascribed it to Swifts predisposition to misanthropy and depression. Though recent critical acquaintance has moved away from this view, the perception of Swift as a misanthrope persists. Perhaps the vehemence of Swifts satire can be attributed in part to the peculiar need felt by eighteenth hundred thinkers of the immense importance of their times. There is no other way to explain the huge output of satire in the eighteenth century. Daniel Defoe, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, John Dryden, Alexander pontiff were some other eighteenth century writers who utilized satire in the various genres of literature. Certainly none troubled the eighteenth century conscience more than Swift himself who uses savage polemic to subdue what was anathema to him.It would be wise to take a look at eighteenth century English story to discover where Swift stood and the causes which drew his ire. The late seventeenth century had seen the vigorous emergence in print of ideas which, to put it simply, sought to foreground humanity without either reference to divinity or society. Foremost and most influential was John Locke who in his essay titled, Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) attributed the formation of human knowledge to the influence of external stimuli and experience. He rejected the notion that humans were born with certain innate ideas such as those concerning God, time, substance etc. He splendidly compared the human mind at birth to a white sheet of paper, a tabula rasa, which depended on experience and sense memory to form knowledge. Science emerged as an exciting new discipline that increasingly became a specialisation, cut off from society. Isaac Newton had published his Principia in 1687. The eighteenth century is therefore also termed as The Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment. However this

Ecomerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ecomerce - Essay Exampledeveloped introduction, there is one upcoming piece of technology which might have a greater effect on the economies of the developing work than anything else in the past. The internet and electronic business might have got their start in America alone the expansion and further development of their use will take place in countries like Venezuela, Brazil, India and other countries where the cost of computer equipment still places it out of get to for many people.This is where the $100 laptop and the one laptop per child program comes in, with the market penetration that the low cost laptop brings the number of people who be online will be increased many fold and along with that there will be additional input for e-commerce. In the coming years, EBay could get bids on products from across the solid ground and other discount retailers could find themselves selling to individuals living in places where they wouldnt even have dreamt of selling their wares.Fund amentally, the $100 laptop is a solution for bringing the internet to the real masses of the world that have till yet remained outside the information loop (Laptop.org, 2006). Since the laptop also functions as a capable internet device the information access and communication technology which is taken as a given by the developed world will also make their way towards the developing countries (Wikipedia, 2006). It may not be the perfect method to bring about equality in the world but it will certainly boost global e-commerce over the coming years.The central characteristic of the project is the cost of the laptop which is expected to start somewhere in the range between $130 and $140 initially when it is launched in 2007 (Zuckerman, 2005). However by the year 2008, when it is delivered in large numbers to distribution centres or so the world, the cost is actually expected to be less than $100 (Stecklow, 2005). Additionally, due to the donations expected from large organizations whi ch are supporting this initiative the

Are Stem Cell Treatments Effective Research Paper

Are Stem Cell Treatments Effective - Research Paper illustrationThe embryonic SCs (ESCs) are pluripotent cells which can produce tissues of all embryonic germ layers namely, endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. The adult SCs (ASCs) are multipotent cells having the capacity to generate a trammel subset of cells (Lodi et al., 2011). of The characteristic ability of the stem cells to renew themselves continuously for long periods and differentiate into specific cell types under appropriate conditions (Zhong, 2008) make them good candidates for cell-based therapies in regenerative or reparative medicine, especially to treat conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis and several neurodegenerative diseases. Research on and application of ESCs for clinical use is a raging controversy. No regular human ESC therapies are available yet. Ac stacking to the latest literature on the topic, the only on-going clinical trials employing ESC are being conducted on patients with spi nal cord injury (Aznar and Sanchez, 2011). However, numerous trials have been/are being conducted with ASCs. ... The human heart muscle damaged by a heart attack does not be restored naturally. The primary treatment protocol involves a rapid reperfusion of the infarct related coronary artery in order to curtail the ischemic area and subdue tissue damage (Lodi et al., 2011). Also, angioplasty is required to be conducted soon after, to effectively reestablish the coronary flow. A new strategy of restoring damaged heart tissue is with facilitating repair or regeneration of the tissue. Using ASCs as well as ESCs for heart muscle repair is, currently, an active area of research (stemcells.nih.gov). Autologous otiose myoblast transplantation undertaken as a major multicenter study for MI treatment did not show any improvement especially with regard to the echocardiographic heart work out (Menasche et al., 2008) but improvement in the ejection fraction (EF) was noted (Hagege et al., 2 006). Adult human stem cells therapy (AHSCT) could successfully improve EF without causing adverse left ventricular remodeling (Schachinger et al., 2009). Also, in a multicenter double-blind study, intracoronary infusion of HSCs into the infarct artery of 204 patients with acute MI following successful reperfusion therapy was found to significantly reduce MI recurrence restenosis or arrhythmia which are two major adverse post-MI cardiovascular events (Schachinger et al., 2006). Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells introduced with a catheter into the heart of 21 patients with severe heart failure in a nonrandomized, open-label study appreciably improved myocardial blood flow with associated enhancement of regional and global left ventricular function (Perin et

Teachings of Quran Essay Example for Free

Teachings of rule book EssayThe Quran does not emphasize the invisible dimensions of existence (God, angels, jinn) at the expense of neglecting the visible (the natural world). In numerous instances, the Quran refers to natural aspects of this life as signs of God, calling mankind to ponder on natural phenomena such as the wind, rain, vegetation and alteration of the night and the day ( ameer Abbas Zamani, 2001). Muslims regard in both a material and a supernatural world. Therefore, the Muslims use a great deal of astronomy, geometry and metaphysical concepts in architecture. The Quran says Such as remember Allah, standing, sitting and reclining, and consider the creation of the heavens and the earth, (and says) Our Lord Though createst not this in vain (3191) (Petruccioli, 2002). These structures carry body and soul. The body were designed utilize sacred geometry, and the soul were created with the help of light, ventilation, sound effects, landscape, color, texture and symbo lism used in both the interior and exterior. The first being created by God was light. (Petruccioli, 2002) Muslim architecture makes full use of light and shade, and the heat and coolness of the wind and its aerodynamics, of water and its cooling effect, of the earth and its insulating features as well as properties of the elements. The Muslims firm believe in paradise is based on the teaching of the Quran, which says, And those who believe and do good works such are rightful owners of the Garden. They leave behind abide therein (282) (Petruccioli 2002).The detailed description of the garden of paradise is given in Sura the Beneficent (5546-78). Therefore, landscape features become an integral part of point planning and architecture. The buildings are set in the landscape deliberately so that one can find himself in an idealized paradise-like environment. The buildings not only humanise the landscape but stand there in all simplicity of form and witness the divine (Attilio Petrucc ioli, 2002).Truly, Islamic art is an expression of beauty, a certainty of divinity and a treasure preserved through time Allahs gift not just to His beloved devotees but also to the world. Reference Amir Abbas Zamani, S. S. (2001). What is Islam? Alhoda UK. Attilio Petruccioli, K. P. (2002). Understanding Islamic Architecture Routledge. Glasse, C. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Islam Rowman Altamira. Grabar, O. (2006). Constructing the Study of Islamic Art Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.Janin, H. (2005). The Pursuit of Learning In The Islamic World, 610-2003 McFarland and Company. Oweis, F. (2002). The Elements of Unity in Islamic Art as Examined Through the Work of Jamal Badran Universal-Publishers. com. Penney, S. (1995). Islam Harcourt Heinemann. Ulrik Volgsten, S. B. (2006). Music And Manipulation On the Social Uses And Social Control of Music Berghahn Books. Waines, D. (2003). An Introduction to Islam (second ed. ) Cambridge University Press.

Truman Doctrines Essay Example for Free

Truman Doctrines EssayDuring the Cold War, most U. S. presidents came up with policies also known as isms to help conceive who stood for what. In this report I will be summarizing a government agency that required U. S. diplomatic efforts during President Harry Truman time explicate the diplomatic doctrine the president followed describing the effects of this diplomatic efforts for the U. S. and other countries assess the advantages and disadvantages of the particular doctrine that followed.In February 1947, the British government informed the United States that it could no longer provide the economic and military assistance it had been providing to Greece and joker since the end of WWII. The Truman administration believed that both nations were nemesisened by communism and it jumped at the chance to take a problematical stand against the Soviet Union. In Greece, force has been battling the Greek royal government since the end of WWII. In flop, the Soviets were demanding s ome manner of control over the Dardanelles, territory from which Turkey was able to dominate the strategies waterways from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.On March 12, 1947 Truman appear before a group of Congress to make his case. He decl atomic number 18d the institution faced a chance in the years to come. Nations could adapt a way of life based upon the will of the majority and minority forcibly compel upon the majority. He proposed the Truman Doctrine which provided political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. It effectively reoriented U. S. foreign policy, forward from its usual standpoint of withdrawal from regional conflicts not directly involving the U.S. , to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts.He began by outlining the situation in Greece and Turkey, Assistance is imperative if Greece is to survive as a free nation, they must have assistance if it is to become a se lf-sufficient and self-respecting democracy. Greece and Turkey will fall to communism without help. Truman requested that Congress provide $400 million worth of aid to both Greece and Turkey to support the dispatch of American civilian and military personnel and equipment to the region.Congress granted it. This became known as the Military Assistance Program. It ultimately led to NATO. Many historians say the Truman Doctrine mark the American policy of containment. The most famous passage from Trumans speech I believe that it must be the policy of the U. S. to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure. They ideas of this speech informed the communism that they can keep what it had got but Truman would not permit it grow anymore.Houghton Mifflin says that Truman Doctrine expanded the nations role in checking the spread of communism. This interpretation basically presumes that the U. S. was in the right. As a result o f Trumans presentation of the global threat of Communism led to an anti-Communist Hysteria which was to end in the Red Scare of the 1950s. It also convinced the Soviets in Russia that Americas was a threat to Soviets Communism, and it substantially provoked the Cold War for the 30 years.

Latar belakang kawasan kajian

Latar belakang kawasan kajian3.1 PENGENALANDalam bab ini, perkara yang dibincangkan adalah tentang latar belakang kawasan kajian dan aspek yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan lokasi kajian, penduduk, sosio-ekonomi, guna tanah, perindustrian dan lain-lain. Dalam bab ini, isu kesan perindustrian seperti pencemaran dibincangkan. Bab ini, pembaca akan memahami secara lebih mendalam tentang kawasan kajian. dengan mengetahui secara lebih mendalam latar belakang kawasan kajian, penkaji akan dapat memahami dan menerangkan secara menyeluruh tentang kawasan kajian.3.2 PEMBANGUNAN DI MALAYSIAPembangunan adalah sesuatu aspek yang penting dan sentiasa diutamakan oleh kebanyakan negara yang sedang membangun dan negara maju. Di Malaysia, pembangunan adalah satu agenda penting yang diberi keutamaan kerana Malaysia adalah sebuah negara yang sedang membangun. Pembangunan di sini bermaksud pembangunan ekonomi, politik, sosial, dan lain-lain. Jika dilihat kembali sejarah Zaman Batu Awal, manusia sudah mul a berusaha mencipta peralatan-peralatan dan pengangkutan untuk memudahkan kehidupan mereka. Secara lahiriah, setiap manusia sudah pasti ingin mengecapi pembangunan dan pemodenan serta gaya hidup yang mudah dan berkualiti. Oleh itu, kita tidak dapat menghalang pembangunan sesebuah negara.Di kebanyakan negara maju dan negara sedang membangun, pembangunan ekonomi adalah sesuatu yang paling penting dan sentiasa diutamakan. Revolusi perindustrian adalah salah satu agen dan pemangkin kepada pembangunan ekonomi sesebuah negara. Revolusi perindustrian di Malaysia telah bemula sejak tahun 1970-an lagi. Revolusi perindustrian ini adalah salah satu langkah mencapai Wawasan 2020. Usaha mencapai Wawasan 2020 terbukti dengan pembangunan sektor perindustrian, pertanian, perumahan dan sebagainya. Setiap negeri di Malaysia mempunyai kawasan Perindustriannya sendiri. Contohnya, Shah Alam (Selangor), Mergong (Kedah) dan lain-lain.3.2 PEMBANGUNAN DI KEDAHNegeri Kedah merupakan salah sebuah negeri darip ada 14 negeri yang terdapat di Malaysia. Negeri Kedah terletak di utara Semenanjung Malaysia. Lokasi negeri Kedah adalah bersempadanan dengan 3 negeri dah 1 negara iaitu Perlis (Barat Laut), Pulau pinang (Barat Daya), Perak (Selatan) dan Thailand (Utara).Kedah Darul Aman merupakan sebuah negeri di Semenanjung Malaysia yang kaya dengan hasil pertanian. Kedah mempunyai keluasan lebih kurang 9,426km. Kedah terletak di Utara semenanjung Malaysia yang berhadapan dengan Selat Melaka. Kedah merupakan salah sebuah negeri Agraria (pertanian) yang mempunyai banyak kawasan pertanian padi serta perkampungan nelayan. Negeri Kedah juga dikenali sebagai negeri Jelapang Padi kerana hasil pertanian padi yang banyak.Perindustrian membawa kepada pertumbuhan penduduk dan wujudnya banyak bandar-bandar baru. Kawasan perindustrian biasanya mempunyai tahap kepadatan penduduk yang sangat tinggi. Berdasarkan bancian pada tahun 2003, Kedah mempunyai populasi penduduk sebanyak 1,778,188 orang. Daripada itu, po pulasi penduduk yang berbangsa Melayu adalah kaum terbesar dengan 75%, diikuti kaum Cina iaitu sebanyak 15%, kaum India sebanyak 7%, Bukan warganegara sebanyak 1.6%, lain-lain kaum sebanyak 1.4%.Negeri Kedah terbahagi kepada 9 buah daerah yang kecil. Daerah-daerah tersebut adalah Daerah Kubang Pasu, Daerah Padang Terap, Daerah Yan, Daerah Pendang, Daerah Kuala Muda, Daerah Sik, Daerah Baling, Daerah Kulim dan Daerah Alor Setar. Di setiap daerah ini, terdapat aktiviti-aktiviti ekonomi yang dijalankan oleh penduduk tempatan. Sebagai contoh, aktiviti ekonomi yang dijalankan di Daerah Pendang adalah pertanian padi basah, Revolusi Perindustrian di Kedah tertumpu di Kulim dan Mergong.Pembangunan perindustrian ini semakin rancak dan membesar. Semakin banyak kilang dibina berhampiran dengan kawasan perumahan, pusat rekreasi dan sungai. Pembangunan yang tidak terancang boleh mendatangkan masalah manusia dan alam sekitar.3.3 LATAR BELAKANG KAWASAN MERGONGNegeri Kedah Darul Aman mempunyai 11 b uah daerah. Daerah Kota Setar adalah ibu negeri Kedah. Terdapat 34 buah mukim dalam daerah Kota Setar. Salah sebuah mukim yang terdapat dalam Daerah Kota Setar adalah Mergong. Mergong adalah salah sebuah mukim yang sangat terkenal dan menjadi tumpuan penduduk. Kawasan Mergong ini adalah sebuah kawasan perindustrian. Sebelum pembinaan kawasan perindustrian ini, kawasan ini kurang menjadi tumpuan penduduk. Apabila kawasan ini dibangunkan menjadi kawasan perindustrian yang utama di Kedah, kawasan ini mula didiami penduduk. Ini kerana terdapatnya peluang pekerjaan yang banyak dalam sektor perindustrian serta jaringan pengangkutan yang dimajukan. Ini telah menyebabkan pertambahan penduduk di kawasan Mergong semakin meningkat.Daerah Kota Setar sudah lama wujud. Mengikut sejarah, daerah kota setar telah wujud sejak awal abad ke-16. Daerah Kota Setar ini telah berkembang pesat dan akhirnya diishtiharkan sebagai Bandaraya Alor Setar pada 21 Disember 2003. Daerah Kota Setar ini mempunyai kelu asan 666 km. Kawasan perindustrian Mergong ini meliputi 60.45 hektar daripada jumlah keluasan daerah Kota Setar.3.4 CIRI-CIRI FIZIKALBagi melihat ciri-ciri fizikal kawasan perindustrian Mergong, pengkaji telah mengenalpasti ciri-ciri bentuk muka bumi, iklim dan cuaca, tumbuh-tumbuhan semulajadi serta saliran dan perparitan di Daerah Kota Setar.3.4.1 Bentuk Muka Bumi Kawasan daerah Kota Setar terdiri daripada kawasan tanah pamah yang landai. Dianggarkan sebanyak 85% daripada kawasan di Daerah Kota Setar adalah kawasan tanah pamah. Di kawasan tanah pamah ini, pelbagai jenis aktiviti dijalankan seperti, perindustrian, perniagaan, kawasan pentadbiran, kawasan perumahan, kawasan bandar, kawasan pertanian dan lain-lain. Kawasan tanah pamah sangat sesuai dibangunkan sebagai pusat bandar dan pembinaan sistem pengangkutan yang baik.Daerah Kota Setar disaliri oleh 3 buah anak sungai iaitu Sungai Mempelam, Sungai Gunung Sali, dan Sungai Alor Terus. Kawasan tanah pamah yang luas ini juga telah mempengaruhi kegiatan ekonomi penduduk. Contohnya, kawasan tanah pamah yang luas dan subur serta sistem saliran yang baik telah membolehkan kebanyak penduduk menjalankan kegiatan pertanian. Terdapat sedikit kawasan tanah tinggi di daerah Kota Setar. Kawasan tanah tinggi ini adalah kawasan di sekeliling Gunung Kerian. Kawasan di Gunung Kerian ini mempunyai kepadatan penduduk yang rendah serta sistem jalan raya yang kurang baik.3.4.2 Cuaca dan Iklim Malaysia terletak berhampiran dengan garisan Khatulistiwa. Kedudukan ini menentukan jenis iklim yang dialami oleh sesebuah negara. Oleh itu, Kedah mengalami iklim Khatulistiwa atau iklim Hutan Hujan Tropika. Iklim jenis ini tidak mengalami musim panas atau musim sejuk yang nyata. Ini bermaksud, Malaysia mengalami panas dan lembap sepanjang tahun. Jumlah hujan atau nilai kerpasan minimum yang dicatat sekurang-kurangnya 60mm. Selain itu, perubahan suhu harian adalah antara 2C (36F) dan 5C (41F).Jumlah hujan yang turun di Alor Setar adalah me ngikut musim dan masa. Jangkaan jumlah hujan sebulan di Alor Setar pada Januari dan Februari adalah kurang daripada 80mm. Keadaan ini adalah kerana keadaan cuaca yang sangat kering. Bermula dari bulan Mac hingga Oktober, jumlah hujan yang turun mula meningkat. Jumlah hujan yang turun pada masa ini adalah sebanyak 110-160mm. Pada bulan November, jumlah hujan yang turun meningkat iaitu antara 150-250mm. Pada masa ini, rebut petir diiringi dengan hujan lebat berlaku dengan kerap pada sebelah petang. Pada bulan disember pula, jumlah hujan mula berkurangan iaitu kurang daripada 150mm.Selain itu, hujan di kawasan iklim Khatulistiwa mempunyai adalah lebat iaitu hujan perolakan. Kedah terletak di pantai barat Semenanjung Malaysia dan di bahagian utara yang berhampiran dengan Negara Thailand. Thailand dan kawasan sekitarnya mengalami iklim Monsun Tropika. Ini menyebabkan negeri Perlis dan Kedah mengalami sedikit ciri iklim Monsun Tropika. Ini menyebabkan sesetengah kawasan di Negeri Kedah me mpunyai perbezaan suhu yang ketara. Oleh itu, tumbuh-tumbuhan yang sesuai ditanam di bumi Kedah dengan iklim khatulistiwa adalah padi basah, kelapa sawit, getah, dan lain-lain.3.4.3 Tumbuh-Tumbuhan Semulajadi Iklim dan cuaca merupakan faktor yang sangat penting mempengaruhi jenis tanaman atau tumbuh-tumbuhan yang terdapat di sesuatu kawasan. Di daerah Kota Setar, tumbuhan yang sesuai ditanam adalah padi basah. Ini kerana tanah di daerah Alor Setar ini adalah tanih jenis alluvium. Tanih ini sangat sesuai untuk pertanian. Selain itu, tanaman yang sesuai adalah pelbagai jenis sayur-sayuran. Sebelum Malaysia mencapai kemerdekaan, kawasan di daerah ini telah digunakan untuk pertanian padi basah.Petani-petani di kawasan ini kebanyakannya telah menjual tanah pertanian mereka untuk tujuan pembangunan seperti pembinaan kawasan perindustrian. Segelintir petani sahaja yang masih meneruskan aktiviti pertanian mereka kerana mereka masih mencintai tanah pusaka mereka. Ini menyebabkan petani-petan i itu menerima pelbagai kesan daripada perindustrian yang juga terdapat di kawasan tersebut. Antara tanaman lain yang terdapat di kawasan ini adalah pokok pisang, getah dan lain-lain.3.4.4 Sistem Perparitan dan SaliranKawasan Mergong ini disaliri oleh 3 cawangan daripada Sungai Kedah iaitu Sungai Mempelam, Sungai Gunung Sali, dan Sungai Alor Terus yang saling berhubung antara satu sama lain. Ketiga-tiga sungai ini bermula dan bersambung dengan Sungai Kedah. Sungai Mempelam melalui kawasan perindustrian Mergong dan kawasan kediaman Kampung Mempelam. Sungai Gunung Sali merentasi kawasan perindustrian Mergong 1 dan Mergong 2. Sungai Alor Terus juga mengairi kawasan di pinggir kawasan perindustrian Mergong 1 dan Mergong 2 tetapi lebih banyak dilalui kawasan perniagaan di sekitar Mergong.Daerah Kota Setar juga disaliri oleh terusan yang terkanal iaitu Terusan Wan two-dimensionality Saman. Terusan ini merupakan terusan yang terpanjang di Malaysia. Terusan sepanjang 36 km ini telah dibina pada tahun 1885. Terusan ini menghubungkan Sungai Kedah di Alor Setar hingga ke Kaki Gunung Jerai di Gurun iaitu di selatan Kedah. Terusan Wan Mat Saman ini berfungsi ini mengairi kawasan pertanian padi di Kedah.3.5 KEPENDUDUKANNegeri Kedah mempunyai bilangan penduduk yang sederhana padat. Mengikut data daripada Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, jumlah penduduk Kedah pada tahun 2009 adalah seramai 2 juta orang. Daripada angka ini, jumlah penduduk di Daerah Kota Setar mencatat bilangan penduduk yang paling ramai. Jumlah penduduk di Daerah Kota Setar adalah seramai 429,900 orang penduduk. Daripada jumlah ini, seramai 214,100 orang adalah lelaki dan 215,800 orang adalah perempuan.Mergong adalah salah sebuah mukim yang terdapat dalam Daerah Kota Setar. Jumlah penduduk di mukim Mergong ini adalah seramai 20,300 orang iaitu 10,100 adalah lelaki dan 10,200 adalah perempuan. Bilangan penduduk di kawasan Mergong ini didapati meningkat berbanding pada tahun 2000. Pertambahan penduduk ini adlah di sebabkan pembinaan kawasan perindustrian Mergong. Apabila kawasan perindustrian Mergong dibina, kawasan ini menjadi tumpuan penduduk kerana pertambahan kemudahan jaringan jalan raya dan wujudnya banyak peluang pekerjaan. Oleh itu, terdapat pertambahan penduduk di kawasan Mergong ini.3.6 KEGIATAN EKONOMIDi Daerah Alor Setar, terdapat pelbagai aktiviti ekonomi yang dijalankan oleh penduduk setempat. Antara aktiviti-aktiviti ekonomi yang dijalankan adalah seperti pertanian, perindustrian, perniagaan dan lain-lain.3.6.1 PertanianSebelum kawasan Mergong ini dibangunkan sebagai kawasan perindustrian, kawasan ini adalah kawasan pertanian padi basah. Kawasan ini diusahakan oleh petani-petani tempatan di tanah pusaka. Pada mulanya, kawasan pertanian di Mergong ini adalah sangat luas. Apabila kawasan ini hendak dibangunkan dan dimajukan sebagai kawasan perindustrian, kebanyakkan tanah-tanah pertanian itu dibeli oleh pemilik-pemilik kilang. Ini kerana kebanyakkan golongan yang tiggal di kawasa n Mergong pada ketika ini adalah golongan muda. Apabila kawasan ini dibina kilang dan dimajukan, guna tanah kawasan ini telah berubah daripada pertanian kepada perindustrian.Pada masa sekarang, masih terdapat sebilangan kecil tanah yang masih digunakan sebagai pertanian. Kawasan ini diusahakan oleh sebilangan kecil petani yang kebanyakkannya adalah golongan tua yang sangat mencintai alam sekitar. Apabila kawasan ini digunakan untuk pertanian, kawasan ini akan mengalami masalah kerana tanah pertanian ini adalah berhampiran dengan kawasan perindustrian. Tahap kesuburan tanih pertanian ini agak terjejas berikutan kesan daripada pembinaan kawasan perindustrian di kawasan ini. Sungai Kedah yang menyaliri kawasan pertanian ini tercemar dengan sisa daripada kilang. Ini memberi kesan negatif kepada kegiatan pertanian di kawasan ini.3.6.2. Industri KilangMukim Mergong merupakan sebuah kawasan pertanian yang luas dan subur. Kawasan Mergong ini sangat subur kerana kedudukannya adalah berhampir an dengan Sungai Kedah yang melalui kawasan ini. Mergong kemudiannya dibangunkan sebagai kawasan perindustrian yang utama di Kedah. Di kawasan perindustrian ini, terdapat banyak kilang yang terdiri daripada pelbagai jenis perindustrian.Terdapat 3 jenis industri di kawasan Mergong ini iaitu industri ringan, industri sederhana dan industri berat. Industri ringan di kawasan ini adalah kilang-kilang pembuatan bahan-bahan makanan seperti industri keropok, gula-gula dan sebagainya. Kilang-kilang yang berasaskan industri ringan ini adalah paling banyak di kawasan Mergong ini. Industri sederhana pula mempunyai bilangan yang kedua terbanyak di kawasan Perindustrian Mergong. Antara contoh-contoh kilang yang berasaskan industri sederhana adalah kilang pakaian, kilang perabot, kilang pembuatan kicap, kilang papan kilang pembuatan roti dan sebagainya.Kategori industri ketiga adalah industri berat. Bilangan industri berat kawasan Mergong adalah paling sedikit. Walaupun bilangan industri berat ini adalah sedikit, tetapi kilang-kilang industri berat inilah yang telah menjadi titik permulaan kepada pembukaan kawasan Perindustrian Mergong ini. Antara kilang yang paling awal di buka di kawasan Perindustrian Mergong ini adalah Kilang Sime Tyres iaitu kilang pembuatan tayar yang terkenal. Antara kilang kilang lain yang mengusahakan industri berat adalah kilang beras, kilang pembuatan cecair nitrogen, kilang simen, kilang pembuatan tayar kenderaan berat, kilang pembuatan kapal dan bot-bot kecil, bengkel membaiki kereta.Berdasarkan kepada laporan MBAS (2000), terdapat lebih 600 buah kilang di kawasan ini. Kilang-kilang yang terdiri daripada pelbagai jenis dan ketegori. Antara jenis industri yang utama di kawasan Mergong ini adalah industri ringan, industri pembuatan dan perkhidmatan serta industri berat. Kawasan perindustrian Mergong ini menyediakan lebih kurang 40,000 peluang pekerjaan kepada penduduk.3.6.3 Perniagaan Kawasan Mergong ini adalah sebuah kawasan yang sangat berhampira n dengan pusat bandar iaitu Bandaraya Alor Setar. Di kawasan Mergong ini, terdapat pelbagai aktiviti ekonomi. Antara aktiviti ekonomi yang utama di kawasan ini adalah aktiviti perniagaan. Aktiviti perniagaan adalah satu aktiviti ekonomi yang penting kerana ia akan menjana pendapat penduduk setempat yang berniaga. Selain itu, ia juga akan menyumbang kepada pendapatan dan menjana ekonomi negeri Kedah. Perniagaan adalah antara aktiviti yang penting kerana ia akan membawa kepada pertumbuhan penduduk di kawasan tersebut. Secara lahiriah, manusia memang suka akan kemajuan serta kawasan ekonomi seperti pusat bandar berbanding kawasan pedalaman yang kurang aktiviti perniagaan.Terdapat pelbagai jenis aktiviti perniagaan di mukim Mergong ini. Antaranya adalah perniagaan makanan, pakaian, tekstil, barang kemas, kedai menjual kereta dan motosikal, hotel, motel, kedai perabot, kedai papan. Selain itu, di kawasan Mergong juga terdapat Hipermarket yang terkenal iaitu TESCO. Oleh itu, kawasan ini m enjadi sebuah kawasan yang terkenal dengan pelbagai aktiviti perniagaan.3.7 GUNA TANAHSecara keselurahannya, guna tanah di Mergong adalah lebih kepada kegiatan ekonomi seperti perindustrian, perniagaan, pertanian dan lain-lain. Kebanyakan kawasan telah dibangunkan untuk tujuan ekonomi. Kegiatan ekonomi ini adalah sangat penting kerana ia menyediakan peluang pekerjaan kepada penduduk setempat. Selain itu, penduduk dapat meningkatkan taraf sosio-ekonomi penduduk.Antaranya adalah kawasan perindustrian Mergong. Kawasan perindustrian Mergong adalah sebuah kawasan yang luas. Ia meliputi lebih 600 buah kilang di kawasan ini. Kawasan perindustrian Mergong ini terbahagi kepada 2 fasa iaitu fasa 1 dan Fasa 2. Oleh itu, kawasan perindustrian Mergong ini merupakan sebuah tapak yang sangat luas dengan melibatkan pelbagai kegiatan perindustrian di kawasan tersebut. Terdapat pelbagai jenis industri di Mergong iaitu industri ringan, industri sederhana dan industri berat. Antara contoh industri ring an adalah kilang-kilang membuat bahan makanan seperti gula-gula, keropok dan lain-lain. Contoh industri sederhana pula adalah kilang papan, kilang perabot, kilang kayu, kilang kapas, kilang kicap, kilang pakaian, dan pelbagai jenis kilang lain. Contoh industri berat yang terdpat di kawasan perindustrian Mergong adalah kilang Sime Tyres, kilang simen, kilang besi dan keluli dan lain lain. Aktiviti kilang di kawasan perindustrian ini membawa pelbagai kesan terhadap penduduk dan alam sekitar. Kesan-kesan daripada perindustrian ini akan dibincang dalam bab 4 dan bab 5.Guna tanah untuk kawasan perumahan adalah terhad. Kawasan Mergong ini yang pada asalnya adalah kawasan pertanian merupakan kawasan tumpuan penduduk. Pada masa sekarang, kawasan ini telah dibangunkan menjadi bandar dan pusat perindustrian. Oleh itu, tanah yang digunakan untuk tujuan perumahan menjadi semakin kurang. Walaupun kawasan ini merupakan kawasan tumpuan penduduk, kawasan perumahan ini adalah terhad di sebahagian ka wasan sahaja. Ini kerana kebanyakan kawasan telah dibangunkan menjadi pusat ekonomi seperti bandar dan sebagainya. Kawasan Mergong ini mempunyai jumlah penduduk yang ramai kerana terdapatnya peluang pekerjaan yang banyak serta taraf hidup penduduknya juga tinggi. Oleh itu, penduduk di kawasan Mergong ini kebanyakannya adalah penduduk yang baru berpindah ke kawasan itu. Ini kerana, kawasan perumahan di Mergong ini boleh dianggap sangat baru. Oleh kerana kawasan Mergong tidak mempunyai tanah yang mencukupi untuk perumahan, rumah-rumah yang dibina adalah rumah jenis flat. Ini adalah kerana masalah kekurangan tanah dan bilangan penduduknya yang ramai.Di kawasan Mergong, terdapat beberapa sekolah yang dibina. Antaranya adalah Sekolah Rendah Kebangsaan Mergong, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Mergong, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tunku Abdul Rahman (STAR) dan Sekolah Menengah Agama Kedah. Sekolah-sekolah ini terletak berhampiran dengan kawasan perumahan. Semua sekolah ini adalah antara sekolah -sekolah yang utama dan terkenal di Kedah.Selain itu, di kawasan Mergong juga terdapat kawasan pertanian. Pada mulanya kawasan pertanian ini merupakan kawasan pertanian sangat luas. Kawasan pertanian ini ditanam dengan padi basah. Apabila kawasan mergong mula dibangunkan, tanah-tanah pertanian tersebut diubah kepada pembangunan kawasan perindustrian. tanah-tanah pertanian itu dibeli dan di ambil alih oleh kerajaan dan syarikat-syarikat swasta yang inging menggunakan tanah tersebut. Oleh itu, kawasan pertanian di Mergong mula berkurangan.Guna tanah lain di kawasan Mergong ini adalah pembinaan kemudahan Perhentian Bas Ekspres di Alor Setar iaitu Perhentian Shahab Perdana. Semua bas yang datang ke Alor Setar dari pelbagai tempat seperti dari Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh dan sebagainya akan berhenti di perhentian ini.BANK, TESCO, SEK RENDAH, SEK, MENENGAH, UNIVERSITY INSANIAH,PASAR BORONG, PUSAT FUTSAL, PUSAT KESIHATAN MERGONG,PEJABAT PENDIDIKAN DAERAH KOTA SETAR, KOMPLEKS PENERANGAN DI SHAHAB PE RDANA,HOTEL/MOTEL, PUSAT PENJUALAN KERETA, PEJABAT JPJ3.8 PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH MERGONG3.9 KEMUDAHAN-KEMUDAHAN INFRASTRUKTUR3.9.1 Bekalan Elektrik3.9.2 Bekalan Air3.9.3 Hubungan telefon3.9.4Hospital dan Kemudahan Kesihatan3.9.5 Lain-lain Kemudahan3.10 SISTEM PENGANGKUTAN3.11 KESIMPULANhttp//images.google.com.my/imglanding?q=map%20kedahimgurl=http//www.about-malaysia.com/kedah/images/map-kedah.gifimgrefurl=http//www.about-malaysia.com/kedah/usg=__UgDwddpNj3b9l5tme89hXaCYaQg=h=212w=206sz=6hl=enum=1itbs=1tbnid=G49LrsUsXtHK3Mtbnh=106tbnw=103prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmap%2Bkedah%26start%3D36%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26ndsp%3D18%26tbs%3Disch1start=44um=1sa=Nndsp=18tbs=isch1tbnid=G49LrsUsXtHK3Mstart=48

Endocrine System Communication

endocrine gland System CommunicationExplain the importance of intercellular communication and describe the mechanism involved.intercellular communication is meaning(a) because it assist the nervous outline to elongatethe long- consideration motion of growth, victimization, or re deed. The internal secretion systemuses chemical messengers to relay in brass and instruction manual in the midst of cells. One of themechanisms involved in intercellular communication is know as direct communicationthis communication is r atomic number 18 but is important when it occurs. This is when 2 cells of thesame type and the cells must be in extensive physical contact. The cells argon so close theyfunction as one. The majority of the communication is cognize as paracrinecommunication which is where the cell continuously exchanges chemical messagesbetween each other so they atomic number 18 in sink with one another.Comp ar and argument the modes of intercellular communication used by the end ocrine and nervous systems and discuss the functional significance of the differences between the two systems.The nervous system performs short term crisis management and the endocrine systemregulates long-term, ongoing metabolic processes. The endocrine system uses endocrinecommunication which helps regulate endocrines through the circulatory system and thenervous system dose not have the capability to do this. Another significant difference issynaptic communication, the nervous system uses this form of communication of neuronsto release neurotransmitter at a synapse very close to a target cell that bears the rightreceptors. This form of communication allows the body to react quickly to situations toescape from harm.Explain the customary mechanisms of hormonal action and identify which endocrine types work through each mechanisms.A hormone receptor is a protein atom to which a particular molecule bindsstrongly. Each cell has receptors for responding to several several(predicat e) hormones,but cells in different tissues have different combinations of receptors. For everycell, the presence or absence of a special(prenominal) receptor determines the cells hormonalsensitivities. Hormone receptors are located either on the cell membrane or inside thecell. The mechanisms of hormonal action are that receptors for catecholamines, peptidehormones and eicosanoids are in the cell membrane of target cells. Thyroid and steroidhormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus,activating or inactivating specific genes.Describe the correspond of endocrine organs.The endocrine organs are controlled by three mechanisms of the hypothalamic control.One is the secretion of regulatory hormones to control natural action of anterior lobe of pituitary gland secretor. Two the production of ADH and oxytocin. And finally is the control ofsympathetic output to adrenal light bulbe.Explain the structural and functional relationship between the pitu itary gland and the hypothalamus.The pituitary gland releases nine important peptide hormones that all bind to themembrane receptors and use cyclic-AMP as a second messenger. The pituitary glandhangs inferior to the hypothalamus which all the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland tohelp in the function of the hypophyseal portal system. By the hypothalamus secretingspecific regulatory hormones it controls the production of hormones in the anterior lobe.This whole system works to secret hormones from the hypothalamus through the pituitarygland in a network of capillaries that are connected. All this ensures that all thehypothalamic hormones inscribeing the portal vessels leave behind reach the target cells in theanterior lobe of the pituitary gland before entering general circulation. Predict how alternations in hormone production, delivery, or reception by target tissues would affect its action and blood concentration levels.Describe the factors that could determine a cells hormonal sensitivity.Cells sensitivity is determined by two factors down-regulation and up-regulation. Downregulation is a process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in thenumber of hormone receptors. This process is when levels of particular hormones arehigh, cells become less sensitive to it. Up-regulation is a process in which the absence ofa hormone triggers an summation in the number of hormone receptors. In this process thelevels of a particular hormone are low, cells become to a greater extent sensitive to it. draw the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and specify the functions of those hormones.The anterior lobe produces seven hormonesThyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the thyroid gland and triggers the release ofthyroid hormones. As circulation concentrations of thyroid hormones rise, the assess ofTRH and TSH production decline.adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) holds the release of steroid hormones by theadr enal cortex and targets cells that produce glucocorticoids.Gonadotropins regulate the activities of the gonads.Follicle-stimulating hormone (follicle-stimulating hormone) levys follicle victimization in fe manlys and, incombination with luteinizing hormone, stimulates the secretion if oestrogen by ovariancells. In males, FSH stimulates sustentacular cells, specialized cells in the tubules wheresperm differentiate.Luteinizing hormone (LH) induces ovulation, the production of reproductive cell infemales. Also promotes the secretion, by the ovaries, of estrogen and the progestin, whichprepare the body for pregnancy. In male hormone is sometimes called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), because it stimulates the production of provoke hormones by theinterstitial cells of the testes.lactogenic hormone (PRL) works with other hormones to stimulate mammary gland development.Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating the rate ofprotein synthesis.T he posterior lobe produces two hormones antidiuretic drug hormone (ADH) is released in response to a variety of stimuli, most notablya rise in the solute concentration in the blood or a fall in blood volume or blood pressure.A rise in the solute concentration stimulates specialized hypothalamic neurons.Oxytocin (OT) stimulates smooth muscles muscular contraction in the wall of the uterus, promotinglabor and delivery. After delivery this hormones stimulates the contraction ofmyoepithelial cells around the secretory alveoli and the ducts of the mammary gland,promoting the ejection of milk. discourseion the results of abnormal levels of pituitary hormonesAbnormal levels of pituitary hormones can have a cast and complex impact on thegrowth, fertility, and function on the human body via the effect of the hormones on theirtarget organs. Diseases anywhere from asthma to growth problems can occur.Identify the hormones produced by the thyroid gland, specify the functions of those hormones, and discuss the causes and results of abnormal levels of thyroid hormones.The thyroid gland produces thyroglobulin, tyrosine, and thyroxine. The functions of thesehormones areThyroid hormones enter target cells by means of an energy dependent transport system and they affect almost every cell in the body.Thyroid hormones bound to cytoplasmatic receptors are held in storage untilintracellular levels of thyroid hormone decline. Thyroid hormones bound tomitochondria increase ATP production. Thyroid hormones bound to receptors inthe nucleus activates genes that control energy utilization.The calorigenic effect the cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation.In growing children, thyroid hormones are essential to normal development of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.The thyroid gland is primarily responsible for a strong, immediate, and short-lived increase in the rate of cellular metabolism.The major factor controlling the rate of thyroid hormone release is the concentration of TSH in the circulating blood. The causes of abnormal levels of thyroid hormones can create an iodide deficiencybecause in the U.S. we consume more than they daily amount needed. Thyroid hormoneproduction declines, regardless of the circulating levels of TSH.Describe the functions of the parathyroid hormones, and the effect of abnormal functions of each hormone.Parathyroid hormone has tetrad major effects1. It stimulates osteoclasts, accelerating mineral turnover and the release ofCa2+ from bone.2. It inhibits osteoblasts, reducing the rate of calcium deposition in bone.3. It enhances the re density of Ca2+ at the kidneys, reducing urinarylosses.4. It stimulates the fundamental law and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. Theeffects of calcitriol complement or enhance those of PTH, but one majoreffect of calcitriol is the enhancement of Ca2+ and PO43- absorption by thedigestive tract.The parathyroid glands, aided by calcitriol, are the primary regulator s of bloodcalcium I levels in healthy adults. When the parathyroid calcium levels become abnormalthere are two disorders that can occur. Hypoparathyroidism the gland secretes lowcalcium concentrations in body fluid. Hyperparathyroidism is when calciumconcentrations become abnormally high.Identify the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and medulla and specify the functions of each hormoneThe adrenal cortex secrets the hormones adrenocortical, mineralocorticoids,glucocorticoids and androgens. The adrenocortical steroids or corticosteroids are vital ifthe adrenal glands are destroyed or removed, the individual will die unless corticosteroidsare administered. Mineralocorticoids increase renal reabsorption of Na+ and water whichaccelerates urinary loss of potassium. Glucocorticoids release amino acids from skeletalmuscles and lipids from adipose tissue promote liver formation of glucose and glycogenpromotes peripheral utilization of lipids anti-inflammatory effects. Androgens are no timportant in men encourages bone growth, muscle growth, and blood formation inchildren and women. The adrenal medulla secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine. Thesehormones increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucoselevels releases lipids by adipose tissue. Also this is where the fight or shoot syndrome issparked.Discuss the results of abnormal levels of adrenal hormone productionWhen the adrenal hormone becomes abnormal it produces several different disorders.The first is hypoaldosteronism the zona glomerulosa fails to produce enoughaldosterone, loosely either as an early sign of adrenal insufficiency or because thekidneys are not releasing adequate amounts of rein. A rare but full disorder can occurcalled Addisons disease which results from inadequate stimulations of the zonafasciculata by the pituitary hormone ACTH or, more commonly, from the inability of theadrenal cells to synthesize the unavoidable hormones, generally from adrenal cell lossc aused by autoimmune problems. Another disease is Cushings disease which resultsfrom overproduction of glucocorticoids. There is another aspect of abnormal productionof adrenal hormones that affects men and womens sexual characteristics calledadrenogenital syndrome. In women, this condition leads to the gradual development ofmale secondary sex characteristics, including body and facial hair patters. In male tocauses an increase of estrogen resulting in larger breast tissue or other female secondarysex characteristics. Last but not to the lowest degree(prenominal) there is a disorder of the adrenal medulla calledpheochromocytoma which is an overproduction of epinephrine that causes a tumor thatproduces catecholamines in massive quantities.Describe the functions of the hormones produced by the pineal gland.It contains pinealocytes, which synthesize the hormone melatonin. The suggestedfunctions of the pineal gland is that it inhibits reproductive functions, protects againstdamage by f ree radicals, and sets circadian rhythms.Identify the hormones produced by the pancreas and specify the functions of those hormones.The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine cells. Cells of the endocrinepancreas form clusters called pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). The pancreatic isletsrelease insulin and glucagons. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise, and itstimulates glucose transport into and utilization by, peripheral tissues. Glucagon isreleased when blood glucose levels decline, and it stimulates glycogen breakdown,glucose synthesis and fatty acid release.Discuss the results of abnormal levels of pancreatic hormone production.When the pancreatic hormones produce abnormal levels of insulin and glucose it causesan individual to be diabetic. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by glucose concentrationthat is high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the kidneys. Glucoseappears in the urine, and urine production generally becomes exce ssive.Describe the functions of the hormones produced by the kidneys, heart, thymus, testes, ovaries, and adipose tissue.Control of the heart, kidneys, thymus, gonads, and adipose tissue. The kidneys releaseerythropoietin and calcitriol into the red bone marrow, intestinal lining, bone andkidneys. All of the hormones releases are to stimulate red blood cell production andcalcium and phosphate absorption and it also stimulates calcium ions from bone inhibitsPTH secretion. The heart controls the hormones natriuretic that targets the kidneys,hypothalamus and adrenal gland. These hormones increase water and salt loss atkidneys decrease thirst and suppress secretion of ADH and aldosterone. The adiposetissue contain two hormones that support to different functions, first is leptin whichtargets the hypothalamus for suppression of appetite permissive effects on GnRH andgonadotropin synthesis. Second is resistin that targets cell throughout the body thatsuppresses insulin response. Last but not least are the gonads with the hormonesandrogens, inhibin, estrogen and progestin. All these hormones are targeted by thepituitary glands to support the reproductive organs in males and females.In males the interstitial cells of the testes produce androgens. Testosterone is the mostimportant sex hormone in males. Sustentacular cells in the testes support thedifferentiation and physical maturation of sperm. Under FSH stimulation, these cellssecrete the hormone inhibin, which inhibits the secretion of FSH at the anterior lobe.The female body develops oocytes in the follicles follicle cells produce estrogens,especially estradiol. After ovulation, the remaining follicle cells reorganize into a corpusluteum. Those cells release a mixing of estrogens and progestins, especiallyprogesterone.Explain how hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses.Hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses in four ways1. antagonistic (opposing) effects2. synergis tic (additive) effects3. permissive effects, in which one hormone is necessary for another toproduce its effect4. integrative effects, in which hormones produce different, butcomplementary, resultsIdentify the hormones that are especially important to normal growth, and discuss their roles.There are several hormones that are important for normal growth GH, insulin, PTH,calcitriol, reproductive and thyroid hormones. The circulation concentrations of thesehormones are regulated independently. Changes produce unique individual growthpatterns.Growth Hormone (GH) effects are most apparent in children where GH supportsmuscular and skeletal development. In adults GH assists in the maintenance ofnormal blood glucose concentrations and in the mobilization of lipid reserves.Thyroid hormones if these hormones are absent during fetal development or forthe first social class after birth, the nervous system will fail to develop normally andmental retardation will result. If T4 concentrations dec line before puberty, normalskeletal development will not continue.Insulin without insulin the passage of glucose and amino acids across cellmembranes will be drastically reduced or eliminated.Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitriol promote the absorption of calciumsalts for subsequent deposition in bone. Without adequate levels of bothhormones, bones will be weak and flexible.Reproductive Hormones the sex hormones (androgens in males, estrogens infemales) stimulate cell growth and differentiation in their target tissues.Differential growth induced by each hormone accounts for gender-relateddifferences in skeletal proportions and secondary sex characteristics.Define the general adaptation syndrome.Any condition that threatens homeostasis is a stress.Our bodies respond to a variety of stress-causing factors through the generaladaptation syndrome ( accelerator pedal), or stress response.The GAS can be divided into three phasesthe alarm phasethe resistance phasethe exhaustion phaseRefe rence pageS.Schaffer. Chapter 18. The endocrine system. Retrieved January 20, 2008 fromhttp//www.harford.edu/faculty/SSchaeffer/Endocrine%20Outline.docMartini. Chapter 18. The endocrine system. Retrieved January 20, 2008 fromhttp//www.miramar.sdccd.cc.ca.us/faculty/kpetti/Bio160/Martini7DetailLectOutlines/18-Detailed_Lect_Out_LO.pdf.pdf